<–2/”>a >Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that a particle attracts every other particle in the universe using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.
Gravitation
Gravitation is the force by which every mass or particle of matter, including photons, attracts and is attracted by every other mass or particle of matter.The gravitational field at any point P in space is defined as the Gravitational Force felt by a tiny unit mass placed at P.
Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the particles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Mathematically, this law, and the magnitude of the force due to the gravitational interaction between two particles, is expressed with :-
Properties of Gravitational Force.
It is always attractive in nature while electric and magnetic force can be attractive or repulsive.
It is independent of the medium between the particles while electric and magnetic force depend on the nature of the medium between the particles.
It holds good over a wide range of distances. It is found true for interplanetary to inter atomic distances.
It is a central force i.e. acts along the line joining the centres of two interacting bodies.
It is a two-body interaction i.e. gravitational force between two particles is independent of the presence or absence of other particles.
It is the weakest force in nature : As Fnuclear > F electromagnetic > F gravitational .
It is a conservative force i.e. work done by it is path independent or work done in moving a particle round a closed path under the action of gravitational force is zero.
It is an action reaction pair i.e. the force with which one body (say earth) attracts the second body (say moon) is equal to the force with which moon attracts the earth.,
Gravitation is a fundamental force of nature that causes all objects with mass or energy to be attracted to each other. It is the weakest of the four fundamental forces, but it is the most important force for large objects.
The gravitational field is a region of space where a mass or energy source exerts a gravitational force on other objects. The strength of the gravitational field is proportional to the mass or energy of the source and inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
The gravitational potential is a measure of the potential energy of an object due to the gravitational field. The gravitational potential energy is equal to the work done by the gravitational force in moving an object from infinity to a point in the gravitational field.
The gravitational force is the force that attracts two objects with mass or energy to each other. The strength of the gravitational force is proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object due to the gravitational force. The gravitational acceleration is equal to the gravitational constant times the mass of the object divided by the square of the distance from the object to the center of the Earth.
Gravitational mass is the mass of an object that determines its gravitational force. The gravitational mass is equal to the inertial mass of the object.
The gravitational constant is a fundamental constant of nature that determines the strength of the gravitational force. The gravitational constant is equal to 6.67408 Ã 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2.
Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Kepler’s laws of planetary motion state that (1) the planets orbit the Sun in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse; (2) a line joining a planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times; and (3) the square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein in the early 20th century. General relativity is based on the principle of equivalence, which states that the effects of gravity and acceleration are indistinguishable.
A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even Light, can escape. Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their lives.
A neutron star is a very dense star that is made up of neutrons. Neutron stars are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their lives.
Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of spacetime that are caused by the motion of massive objects. Gravitational waves were first detected in 2015 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).
Gravitational lensing is the bending of light by the gravitational field of a massive object. Gravitational lensing can be used to study the distribution of matter in the universe.
Tidal forces are the forces that are caused by the difference in the gravitational force on two objects that are close together. Tidal forces can cause the tides on Earth.
Escape velocity is the minimum speed that an object must have in order to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or other massive object.
The Roche limit is the distance from a planet or other massive object at which a satellite will be torn apart by tidal forces.
Spaghettification is the process by which an object is stretched out into a long, thin string as it falls into a black hole.
Gravitational collapse is the process by which a star collapses under its own gravity. Gravitational collapse can lead to the formation of a black hole or a neutron star.
Gravitational waves are a powerful tool for studying the universe. They can be used to study the expansion of the universe, the formation of galaxies, and the merger of black holes.
What is the difference between a black hole and a neutron star?
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. A neutron star is a star that has collapsed under its own gravity to the point where it is only a few kilometers across. The density of a neutron star is so high that a teaspoon of its material would weigh more than a mountain on Earth.
What is the Big Bang theory?
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe. It states that the universe was once in an extremely hot and dense state that expanded rapidly. This expansion caused the universe to cool and resulted in its present size and composition.
What is dark matter?
Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that cannot be seen or detected with current technology. It is thought to make up about 85% of the matter in the universe. Dark matter is thought to be responsible for the formation of galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
What is dark energy?
Dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that is thought to be causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate. It is thought to make up about 68% of the energy in the universe. Dark energy is not well understood, but it is thought to be responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe.
What is the speed of light?
The speed of light is the speed at which light travels in a vacuum. It is a fundamental constant of nature and is the fastest speed at which information can travel. The speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second.
What is the theory of relativity?
The theory of relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. It is one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). The theory revolutionized our understanding of gravity and space-time.
What is quantum mechanics?
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory in physics that provides a description of the physical properties of nature at the scale of atoms and subatomic particles. It is the foundation of all quantum physics including quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.
What is the double-slit experiment?
The double-slit experiment is a thought experiment that demonstrates the wave-like nature of light. In the experiment, a beam of light is shone through two slits in a barrier. The light then hits a screen behind the barrier. If light were a particle, we would expect to see two bright lines on the screen, corresponding to the two slits. However, what we actually see is an interference pattern, which is created by the light waves interfering with each other. This shows that light has wave-like properties.
What is the Higgs boson?
The Higgs boson is a subatomic particle that was first observed at the Large Hadron Collider in 2012. It is a fundamental particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. The Higgs boson is responsible for giving other particles mass.
What is the Big Crunch?
The Big Crunch is a hypothetical scenario in which the universe collapses back in on itself due to gravity. This would happen if the density of the universe is high enough.
What is the Big Freeze?
The Big Freeze is a hypothetical scenario in which the universe expands forever and eventually reaches a state of maximum entropy. This would happen if the density of the universe is low enough.
What is the heat death of the universe?
The heat death of the universe is a hypothetical scenario in which the universe reaches a state of maximum entropy. This would happen if the universe expands forever and eventually reaches a state in which all energy is evenly distributed.
What is the multiverse?
The multiverse is a hypothetical group of multiple universes. Each universe in the multiverse would be a separate reality with its own laws of physics and constants. The multiverse is a possible solution to some of the problems with the Big Bang theory, such as the problem of initial conditions.
What is string theory?
String theory is a model of physics that attempts to unify all of the fundamental forces and particles in the universe. It does this by describing them as tiny one-dimensional strings. String theory is a very complex theory, and it is not yet known if it is correct. However, it is one of the most promising theories of physics, and it has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
Which of the following is not a fundamental force?
(A) Gravity
(B) Electromagnetism
(C) Weak force
(D) Strong forceWhat is the force that attracts objects with mass to each other?
(A) Gravity
(B) Electromagnetism
(C) Weak force
(D) Strong forceWhat is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth?
(A) 9.8 m/s^2
(B) 10 m/s^2
(C) 11 m/s^2
(D) 12 m/s^2What is the formula for the force of gravity between two objects?
(A) $F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$
(B) $F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r}$
(C) $F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^3}$
(D) $F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^4}$What is the gravitational constant?
(A) $G = 6.67408 \times 10^{-11} \text{ m}^3 \text{ kg}^{-1} \text{ s}^{-2}$
(B) $G = 6.67408 \times 10^{-12} \text{ m}^3 \text{ kg}^{-1} \text{ s}^{-2}$
(C) $G = 6.67408 \times 10^{-13} \text{ m}^3 \text{ kg}^{-1} \text{ s}^{-2}$
(D) $G = 6.67408 \times 10^{-14} \text{ m}^3 \text{ kg}^{-1} \text{ s}^{-2}$What is the weight of an object?
(A) The force of gravity on an object
(B) The mass of an object
(C) The acceleration due to gravity
(D) The product of the mass of an object and the acceleration due to gravityWhat is the difference between mass and weight?
(A) Mass is a measure of how much matter is in an object, while weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
(B) Mass is a measure of the inertia of an object, while weight is a measure of the force of gravity on an object.
(C) Mass is a measure of the volume of an object, while weight is a measure of the surface area of an object.
(D) Mass is a measure of the density of an object, while weight is a measure of the pressure of an object.What is the escape velocity of an object?
(A) The minimum speed an object must have to escape the gravitational pull of a planet or other celestial body
(B) The maximum speed an object can have before it is pulled back down to Earth by gravity
(C) The Average speed an object travels in orbit around a planet or other celestial body
(D) The speed an object travels when it is in free fallWhat is the difference between a black hole and a neutron star?
(A) A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape, while a neutron star is a very dense star that has collapsed under its own gravity.
(B) A black hole is a very dense star that has collapsed under its own gravity, while a neutron star is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.
(C) A black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape, while a neutron star is a very dense star that has collapsed under its own gravity and is spinning very rapidly.
(D) A black hole is a very dense star that has collapsed under its own gravity and is spinning very rapidly, while a neutron star is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape.What is the theory of general relativity?
(A) A theory that explains the relationship between gravity and space-time
(B) A theory that explains the relationship between mass and energy
(C) A theory that explains the relationship between Magnetism/”>Electricity and Magnetism
(D) A theory that explains the relationship between heat and light