Freedom of Press-For RAS RTS Mains Exam and Ras Rts Prelims Examination

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  • On 29th January 1780, the Hickey’s Bengal Gazette or the Calcutta General Advertizer was published. It was the first English newspaper to be printed in the Indian sub-continent.
  • The press was the chief instrument of forming a nationalist ideology
  • The resolutions and proceedings of the Congress were propagated through press. Trivia: nearly one third of the founding fathers of congress in 1885 were journalists.

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    • Main news papers and editors

     

      • The Hindu and Swadesamitran: G Subramaniya Iyer
      • Kesari and Mahratta: BG Tilak
      • Bengalee: S N Banerjea
      • Amrita Bazar Patrika: Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh
      • Sudharak: GK Gokhale
      • Indian Mirror: N N Sen
      • Voice of India: Dadabhai Naoroji
      • Hindustani and Advocate: GP Varma
      • Tribune and Akhbar-i-Am in Punjab
      • Indu Prakash, Dnyan Prakahs, Kal and Gujarati in Bombay
      • Som Prakash, Banganivasi and Sadharani in Bengal

     

    • Newspaper was not confined to the literates. It would reach the villages and would be read by a reader to tens of others.
    • Reading and discussing newspaper became a form of political participation.
    • Nearly all the major political controversies of the day were conducted through the Press.
    • ‘Oppose, oppose, oppose’ was the motto of the Indian press.
    • The section 124A of the IPC was such as to punish a person who evoked feelings of disaffection to the government.
    • The Indian journalists remained outside 124A by adopting methods such as quoting the socialist and anti-imperialist newspapers of England or letters from radical British citizens
    • The increasing influence of the newspapers led the government to pass the Vernacular Press Act of 1978, directed only against Indian language newspapers.
      • It was passed very secretively
      • The act provided for the confiscation of the printing press, paper and other materials of a newspaper if the government believed that it was publishing seditious materials and had flouted an official warning.
      • Due to the agitations, it was repealed in 1881 by Lord Ripon.
    • SN Banerjee was the first Indian to go to jail in performance of his duty as a journalist.

     

    B G Tilak

     

    • The man who is most frequently associated with the struggle for the Freedom of Press during the nationalist movement is Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
    • In 1881, along with G G Agarkar, he founded the newspapers Kesari and Mahratta.
    • In 1893, he started the practice of using the traditional religious Ganapati festival to propagate nationalist ideas through patriotic songs and speeches.
    • In 1896, he started the Shivaji festival to stimulate nationalism among young Maharashtrians.
    • He brought peasants and farmers into the national movement.
    • He organized a no-tax campaign in Maharashtra in 1896-97
    • Plague in Poona in 1897.
    • Popular resentment against the official plague measures resulted in the assassination of Rand, the Chairman of the Plague Committee in Poona, and Lt. Ayerst by the Chaphekar brothers on 27 June 1898.
    • Since 1894, anger had been rising against the government due to the tariff, currency and famine policy.
    • Tilak was arrested and sentenced to 18 month rigorous imprisonment in 1897. This led to country wide protests and Tilak was given the title of Lokmanya.
    • Tilak was again arrested and tried on 24 June 1908 on the charge of sedition under ARTICLE 124A. He was sentenced to 6 years of transportation. This led to nationwide protests and closing down of markets for a week. Later, in 1922 Gandhi was tried on the same act and he said that he is proud to be associated with Tilak’s name.

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    Freedom of the press is the right to publish information and opinions without censorship or restraint. It is a fundamental right that is essential for a healthy Democracy. The press plays a vital role in informing the public and holding those in power accountable. Without freedom of the press, it would be difficult for citizens to make informed decisions about their government and their lives.

    The history of freedom of the press in India is a long and complex one. The first newspapers were established in India in the early 18th century, but they were subject to strict censorship by the British colonial government. It was not until after India gained independence in 1947 that freedom of the press was truly established. The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom of speech and expression, which includes freedom of the press. However, there have been some challenges to freedom of the press in India in recent years.

    One of the biggest challenges to freedom of the press in India is the threat of violence. Journalists have been attacked and killed for their work, and there have been cases of journalists being arrested and detained. The government has also been accused of using laws to restrict freedom of the press. For example, the government has used the Official Secrets Act to prevent journalists from reporting on sensitive issues.

    Despite these challenges, the press in India remains vibrant and independent. There are a number of well-respected newspapers and magazines in India, and the country has a thriving television and radio Industry. The press plays a vital role in Indian democracy, and it is essential that freedom of the press be protected.

    The role of the media in a democracy is to inform the public and hold those in power accountable. The media should be free to report on all aspects of government, including its successes and failures. The media should also be free to investigate Corruption and wrongdoing. A free and independent media is essential for a healthy democracy.

    The responsibilities of the media in a democracy include:

    • To inform the public about current events and issues.
    • To hold those in power accountable.
    • To investigate corruption and wrongdoing.
    • To provide a forum for public debate.
    • To promote understanding and Tolerance.

    The ethics of journalism are the principles that guide journalists in their work. These principles include:

    • Accuracy: Journalists should strive to be accurate in their reporting.
    • Fairness: Journalists should be fair in their reporting, giving all sides of a story a chance to be heard.
    • Independence: Journalists should be independent in their reporting, not influenced by any political or commercial interests.
    • Objectivity: Journalists should strive to be objective in their reporting, not taking sides in a conflict.
    • Humanity: Journalists should be sensitive to the human impact of their reporting.

    The impact of Social Media on freedom of the press is a complex issue. On the one hand, social media has made it easier for journalists to share their work with a wider audience. On the other hand, social media has also made it easier for governments and other powerful actors to censor and control the media.

    The future of freedom of the press in India is uncertain. There are a number of challenges that threaten freedom of the press, including the threat of violence, government censorship, and the rise of fake news. However, there are also a number of factors that could help to protect freedom of the press, including the strong commitment to freedom of expression in the Indian Constitution, the vibrant and independent media landscape in India, and the growing awareness of the importance of freedom of the press among the Indian public.

    What is freedom of the press?

    Freedom of the press is the right of individuals and groups to express their opinions and ideas without censorship or restraint by the government. It is a fundamental human right that is essential for a healthy democracy.

    Why is freedom of the press important?

    Freedom of the press is important because it allows for the free flow of information and ideas. This is essential for a healthy democracy, as it allows citizens to make informed decisions about their government. Freedom of the press also helps to hold the government accountable and to prevent corruption.

    What are some threats to freedom of the press?

    There are many threats to freedom of the press, including censorship, government control, and violence against journalists. Censorship is the suppression of information by the government or other powerful groups. Government control of the press can take many forms, such as ownership of media outlets or the use of laws to restrict what can be reported. Violence against journalists is a serious threat to freedom of the press, as it can intimidate journalists and prevent them from reporting on important stories.

    What can be done to protect freedom of the press?

    There are many things that can be done to protect freedom of the press, including:

    • Supporting independent journalism
    • Advocating for freedom of the press
    • Holding governments accountable for violations of freedom of the press
    • Reporting on attacks on journalists
    • Raising awareness about the importance of freedom of the press

    What are some examples of freedom of the press in action?

    There are many examples of freedom of the press in action around the world. One example is the work of journalists in countries like China and Russia, who continue to report on important stories despite government censorship. Another example is the work of journalists in countries like Mexico and Brazil, who have faced violence and intimidation for their reporting on corruption and crime.

    What are some challenges to freedom of the press in the digital age?

    The digital age has created new challenges for freedom of the press. One challenge is the spread of misinformation and disinformation. This can be spread through social media, fake news websites, and other online platforms. Another challenge is the increasing concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few large corporations. This can lead to a lack of diversity in the news media and a decrease in the quality of journalism.

    What are some ways to address the challenges to freedom of the press in the digital age?

    There are many ways to address the challenges to freedom of the press in the digital age. One way is to promote media Literacy. This can help people to identify and avoid misinformation and disinformation. Another way is to support independent journalism. This can help to ensure that there is a diversity of voices in the news media. Finally, it is important to hold governments accountable for violations of freedom of the press.

    1. The freedom of the press is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution of India. It is essential for a healthy democracy, as it allows for the free flow of information and ideas.
    2. The freedom of the press is not absolute, however. It can be restricted in certain circumstances, such as when it is necessary to protect national security or public order.
    3. The Press Council of India is a statutory body that was set up in 1966 to uphold the freedom of the press and to ensure that the press functions in a responsible manner.
    4. The Press Council of India has the power to investigate complaints against the press and to recommend action against errant journalists.
    5. The freedom of the press is a vital part of a healthy democracy. It is important to protect this right and to ensure that the press is able to function without fear or favor.

    Here are some MCQs on the freedom of the press:

    1. The freedom of the press is guaranteed by which of the following articles of the Constitution of India?
      (A) Article 19(1)(a)
      (B) Article 19(1)(b)
      (C) Article 19(1)(c)
      (D) Article 19(1)(d)

    2. The Press Council of India was set up in which year?
      (A) 1950
      (B) 1960
      (C) 1966
      (D) 1976

    3. The Press Council of India has the power to investigate complaints against the press and to recommend action against errant journalists. True or False?

    4. The freedom of the press is a vital part of a healthy democracy. True or False?

    5. Which of the following is not a limitation on the freedom of the press?
      (A) National security
      (B) Public order
      (C) Morality
      (D) Contempt of Court