Forces of Compression – Orogenic processes

<<<<-2a ul>

Orogeny is a long and complex process. It can take millions of years to form a mountain range. The first step in orogeny is the subduction of one tectonic plate under another. This process causes the mantle to melt, and the magma rises to the surface. The magma cools and forms igneous rocks.

The next step in orogeny is the accretion of material to the tectonic plate. This material can be in the form of sediments, volcanic rocks, or igneous rocks. The accretion of material causes the tectonic plate to thicken.

The final step in orogeny is the deformation of the tectonic plate. This deformation can be in the form of faulting, folding, or fracturing. The deformation of the tectonic plate causes the mountains to form.

Orogeny is a very important process in the Earth’s history. It is responsible for the formation of many of the world’s mountain ranges. The Himalayas, the Alps, and the Andes are all examples of mountain ranges that were formed by orogeny.

Orogeny is also a very important process in the formation of economic resources. Many of the world’s mineral deposits are found in orogenic belts. The gold deposits in South Africa and the copper deposits in Chile are both examples of mineral deposits that were formed by orogeny.

Orogeny is a complex and fascinating process. It is responsible for the formation of many of the world’s mountain ranges and economic resources.

Here are some additional details about the subtopics listed above:

• Subduction is a geological process that takes place at convergent boundaries of tectonic plates where one plate moves under another. The upper plate is forced down into the mantle, where it melts (due to the high pressure and temperature conditions) and is recycled. The process is driven by plate tectonics.
• Accretion is a geological process by which material is added to the surface of a tectonic plate. This can occur in a number of ways, including the collision of two tectonic plates, the eruption of VolcanoesVolcanoes, and the deposition of sediment.
• Orogenic belts are long, linear regions of the Earth’s crust that have been deformed by mountain building. They are typically associated with convergent plate boundaries, where one plate is subducting beneath another.
• Fold mountains are mountains that have been formed by the folding of the Earth’s crust. The folding is caused by the compressional forces that are generated at convergent plate boundaries.
• Block mountains are mountains that have been formed by the faulting of the Earth’s crust. The faulting is caused by the extensional forces that are generated at divergent plate boundaries.
• Horsts and grabens are types of fault-block mountains. Horsts are blocks of the Earth’s crust that have been uplifted, while grabens are blocks that have been downdropped.
• Domes and basins are types of topographic features that can be formed by the deformation of the Earth’s crust. Domes are areas of the Earth’s surface that have been uplifted, while basins are areas that have been downdropped.
• Plutons are large masses of igneous rock that have solidified beneath the Earth’s surface. They can be either intrusive or extrusive. Intrusive plutons form when magma cools and solidifies within the Earth’s crust, while extrusive plutons form when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface.
• Batholiths are the largest type of pluton. They can have a diameter of up to 1,000 kilometers.
• Stocks are smaller than batholiths, with a diameter of up to 100 kilometers.
• Dykes are tabular bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.
• Sills are tabular bodies of igneous rock that intrude parallel to the layering of sedimentary rock.
• Laccoliths are dome-shaped bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.
• Lopoliths are saucer-shaped bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.
• Ring complexes are circular or elliptical complexes of igneous rocks that are typically associated with calderas.
• Metamorphism is the process by which existing rocks are changed into new rocks by heat and pressure. The changes that occur during metamorphism can be physical, chemical, or both.
• Contact metamorphism is a type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with existing rocks. The heat from the
  Orogeny is the process of mountain building. It is caused by the collision of tectonic plates.

Mountain building is the process of forming mountains. It is caused by the collision of tectonic plates.

Subduction is the process of one tectonic plate being forced under another tectonic plate.

Accretion is the process of one tectonic plate being added to another tectonic plate.

Orogenic belts are long, linear regions of mountain building.

Fold mountains are mountains that are formed by the folding of rocks.

Block mountains are mountains that are formed by the faulting of rocks.

Horsts and grabens are types of block mountains.

Domes and basins are types of block mountains.

Plutons are large masses of igneous rock that have solidified beneath the surface of the Earth.

Batholiths are the largest type of pluton.

Stocks are smaller than batholiths.

Dykes are tabular bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.

Sills are tabular bodies of igneous rock that intrude parallel to the layers of sedimentary rock.

Laccoliths are dome-shaped bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.

Lopoliths are saucer-shaped bodies of igneous rock that intrude between layers of sedimentary rock.

Ring complexes are circular or oval-shaped groups of igneous rocks that are formed by the intrusion of magma into the Earth’s crust.

Metamorphism is the process of change in the physical and chemical properties of rocks that is caused by heat and pressure.

Contact metamorphism is the type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with surrounding rocks.

Regional metamorphism is the type of metamorphism that occurs when rocks are subjected to heat and pressure over a large area.

Deformation is the process of change in the shape of rocks that is caused by stress.

Faulting is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks break and move past each other.

Folding is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks bend.

Fracturing is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks break without moving past each other.

Shearing is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks slide past each other.

Ductile deformation is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks deform plastically.

Brittle deformation is the type of deformation that occurs when rocks deform elastically.

Metamorphic facies are zones of metamorphic rocks that are characterized by a particular set of metamorphic minerals.

Greenschist facies is a metamorphic facies that is characterized by the presence of greenschist minerals.

Amphibolite facies is a metamorphic facies that is characterized by the presence of amphibolite minerals.

Granulite facies is a metamorphic facies that is characterized by the presence of granulite minerals.

Eclogite facies is a metamorphic facies that is characterized by the presence of eclogite minerals.

Magmatism is the process of formation of igneous rocks.

Intrusive magmatism is the type of magmatism that occurs when magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface of the Earth.

Extrusive magmatism is the type of magmatism that occurs when magma cools and solidifies on the surface of the Earth.

Igneous rocks are rocks that are formed from magma or lava.

Plutonic rocks are igneous rocks that are formed when magma cools and solidifies beneath the surface of the Earth.

Volcanic rocks are igneous rocks that are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the surface of the Earth.

Sedimentary rocks are rocks that are formed from the accumulation of sediment.

Clastic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are formed from the accumulation of pieces of other rocks.

Chemical sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are formed from the PrecipitationPrecipitation of minerals from water.

Organic sedimentary rocks are sedimentary rocks that are formed from the remains of organisms.

Metamorphic rocks are rocks that are formed from the alteration of existing rocks by heat and pressure.

Foliated metamorphic rocks are metamorphic rocks that have a layered or foliated structure.

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks are metamorphic rocks that do not have a layered or foliated structure.

Hydrothermal alteration is the process of alteration of rocks by hot water.

Mineralization is the process of formation of minerals.

Ore deposits are concentrations of minerals that are valuable.

Economic geology is the study of the economic aspects of geology.
1. The process by which mountains are formed is called:
(A) Orogeny
(B) Mountain building
(CC) Subduction
(D) Accretion

1. The process by which two tectonic plates collide and one plate is forced under the other is called:
   (A) Orogeny
   (B) Mountain building
   (C) Subduction
   (D) Accretion

2. A linear belt of mountains formed by the collision of tectonic plates is called:
   (A) Orogenic belt
   (B) Fold mountain
   (C) Block mountain
   (D) Horst and graben

3. A mountain formed by the upwarping of a block of crust is called:
   (A) Fold mountain
   (B) Block mountain
   (C) Horst and graben
   (D) Dome and basin

4. A large, intrusive igneous rock body is called:
   (A) Pluton
   (B) Batholith
   (C) Stock
   (D) Dyke

5. A small, intrusive igneous rock body is called:
   (A) Pluton
   (B) Batholith
   (C) Stock
   (D) Dyke

6. A sheet-like igneous rock body that intrudes between layers of sedimentary rock is called:
   (A) Dyke
   (B) Sill
   (C) Laccolith
   (D) Lopolith

7. A dome-shaped igneous rock body that is formed when magma rises to the surface and then spreads out is called:
   (A) Pluton
   (B) Batholith
   (C) Stock
   (D) Laccolith

8. A bowl-shaped igneous rock body that is formed when magma rises to the surface and then spreads out and then sinks back down is called:
   (A) Pluton
   (B) Batholith
   (C) Stock
   (D) Lopolith

9. A complex of igneous rock bodies that are formed when magma rises to the surface and then spreads out in multiple directions is called:
   (A) Pluton
   (B) Batholith
   (C) Stock
   (D) Ring complex

10. The process by which rocks are changed by heat and pressure is called:
    (A) Metamorphism
    (B) Contact metamorphism
    (C) Regional metamorphism

11. The type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with existing rocks is called:
    (A) Contact metamorphism
    (B) Regional metamorphism

12. The type of metamorphism that occurs over a large area due to the collision of tectonic plates is called:
    (A) Contact metamorphism
    (B) Regional metamorphism

13. The process by which rocks are broken and displaced is called:
    (A) Deformation
    (B) Faulting
    (C) Folding

14. A break in the Earth’s crust along which there has been movement is called:
    (A) Fault
    (B) Folding

15. A bend in the Earth’s crust is called:
    (A) Fault
    (B) Folding

16. The type of deformation that occurs when rocks are bent and folded is called:
    (A) Faulting
    (B) Folding

17. The type of deformation that occurs when rocks are broken and displaced is called:
    (A) Faulting
    (B) Folding

18. A type of metamorphic rock that is characterized by the presence of minerals that have been aligned in a particular direction is called:
    (A) Foliated metamorphic rock
    (B) Non-foliated metamorphic rock

19. A type of metamorphic rock that is not characterized by the presence of minerals that have been aligned in a particular direction is called:
    (A) Foliated metamorphic rock
    (B) Non-foliated metamorphic rock

20. The process by which water that is heated by magma rises to the surface and then cools and deposits minerals is called:
    (A) Hydrothermal alteration
    (B) Mineralization

21. The process by which minerals are concentrated in a particular area is called:
    (A) Hydrothermal alteration
    (B) Mineralization

22. A deposit of minerals that is formed by hydrothermal alteration is called:
    (A) Ore deposit
    (B) Economic geology

23. The study of the Earth’s minerals and their economic importance is called:
    (A) Ore deposit
    (B) Economic geology