Extinct Volcanoes

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There are three Types of Volcanoes: extinct, dormant, and active. Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in recorded history. Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time, but they are still considered to be a threat. Active volcanoes are volcanoes that have erupted in recent history, and they are considered to be a major threat.

There are many different types of volcanoes, but they can be classified into two main groups: shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. Shield volcanoes are broad, low volcanoes that are formed by the eruption of fluid lava. Composite volcanoes are tall, steep volcanoes that are formed by the eruption of both fluid and viscous lava.

Volcanic eruptions can be very destructive, and they can cause a variety of hazards, including:

• Ash: Ash is a fine, powdery material that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption. Ash can cause respiratory problems, and it can also damage crops and electronics.
• Tephra: Tephra is a general term for all the solid material that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption. Tephra can include ash, cinders, bombs, and blocks.
• Pyroclastic flows: Pyroclastic flows are fast-moving, dense clouds of ash, gas, and rock that are ejected from a volcano during an eruption. Pyroclastic flows can travel at speeds of up to 700 miles per hour, and they can destroy everything in their path.
• Lahars: Lahars are mudflows or debris flows that are formed when volcanic ash and water mix together. Lahars can travel at speeds of up to 30 miles per hour, and they can cause extensive damage to InfrastructureInfrastructure and property.
• Volcanic gases: Volcanic gases include sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and water vapor. Volcanic gases can cause respiratory problems, and they can also damage crops and ecosystems.

Volcanic eruptions can also have a significant impact on the climate. Volcanic eruptions can inject large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the AtmosphereAtmosphere, which can cause global cooling. Volcanic eruptions can also release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, which can contribute to Global Warming.

Volcanic eruptions are a natural hazard, but they can be predicted and monitored. Scientists use a variety of methods to monitor volcanoes, including:

• Seismic monitoring: Seismic monitoring involves measuring the ground movement around a volcano. Seismic activity can be a sign that a volcano is about to erupt.
• InSAR: InSAR is a technique that uses radar to measure the ground surface. InSAR can be used to detect changes in the ground surface that may be caused by volcanic activity.
• Ground deformation monitoring: Ground deformation monitoring involves measuring the changes in the shape of a volcano. Ground deformation can be a sign that a volcano is about to erupt.
• Gas monitoring: Gas monitoring involves measuring the levels of volcanic gases in the atmosphere. Changes in the levels of volcanic gases can be a sign that a volcano is about to erupt.

Volcanic eruptions can be a major threat to human life and property, but they can also be a source of economic opportunity. Volcanic ash can be used to make fertilizer, and volcanic rocks can be used to make building materials. Volcanic tourism is also a major IndustryIndustry in some parts of the world.

Volcanoes are a powerful force of nature, and they can have a significant impact on the planet. It is important to understand volcanoes and their potential hazards so that we can be prepared for them.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about volcanoes:

• What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in the Earth’s crust through which magma (molten rock), ash, and gases are released.
• What are the different types of volcanoes? There are four main types of volcanoes: shield volcanoes, cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and stratovolcanoes.
• What are the different types of volcanic eruptions? There are two main types of volcanic eruptions: effusive eruptions and explosive eruptions.
• What are the hazards associated with volcanoes? Volcanic hazards include volcanic ash, volcanic gas, volcanic debris avalanches, volcanic lahars, volcanic tsunamis, volcanic lightning, volcanic air pollution, and volcanic climate change.
• How can we predict volcanic eruptions? There is no way to perfectly predict volcanic eruptions, but scientists can use a variety of methods to monitor volcanoes and forecast eruptions.
• What can we do to prepare for volcanic eruptions? There are a number of things we can do to prepare for volcanic eruptions, including building shelters, developing evacuation plans, and stockpiling supplies.
• What can we do to respond to volcanic eruptions? When a volcanic eruption occurs, it is important to stay calm and follow the instructions of emergency officials.
• What can we do to recover from volcanic eruptions? After a volcanic eruption, it is important to assess the damage, provide aid to those affected, and begin the process of rebuilding.

Here are some additional information about volcanoes:

• Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in at least 10,000 years and are not expected to erupt in the future.
• Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time but are still considered to be potentially active.
• Active volcanoes are volcanoes that have erupted in the past 10,000 years and are considered to be likely to erupt again in the future.
• Shield volcanoes are broad, low volcanoes that are formed by the eruption of fluid lava.
• Cinder cones are small, steep volcanoes that are formed by the eruption of cinders and ash.
• Composite volcanoes are tall, conical volcanoes that are formed by the eruption of both lava and pyroclastic material.
• Stratovolcanoes are also known as composite volcanoes.
• Lava domes are steep-sided domes that are formed by the eruption of viscous lava.
• Calderas are large, bowl-shaped depressions that are formed by the collapse of a volcano’s summit.
• Fissure eruptions are eruptions that occur along a linear fissure in the Earth’s crust.
• Hawaiian eruptions are effusive eruptions that are characterized by the eruption of fluid lava.
• Strombolian eruptions are explosive eruptions that are characterized by the intermittent eruption of lava bombs and ash.
• Vulcanian eruptions are explosive eruptions that are characterized by the eruption of ash and cinders.
• Peléan eruptions are extremely explosive eruptions that are characterized by the eruption of hot, gas-rich pyroclastic flows.
• Plinian eruptions are extremely explosive eruptions that are characterized by the eruption of hot, gas-rich pyroclastic flows and ash columns.
• Phreatic eruptions are eruptions that are caused by the interaction of magma with groundwater.
• Phreatomagmatic eruptions are eruptions that are caused by the interaction of magma with surface water.
• Surtseyan eruptions are eruptions that occur when magma comes into contact with seawater.
• Hydrovolcanic eruptions are eruptions that are caused by the interaction of magma with water.
• Ash is a fine-grained material that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption.
• Tephra is a general term for all volcanic ejecta, including ash, cinders, lapilli, bombs, and blocks.
• Pyroclastic flows are dense, turbulent mixtures of hot gas and volcanic debris that flow down the flanks of a volcano.
• Lahars are mudflows or debris flows that are composed of volcanic material and water.
• Volcanic gases are gases that are released from volcanoes, including sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, and water vapor.
• Sulfur dioxide is a gas that is released from volcanoes and can cause .
• Carbon dioxide is a gas that is released from volcanoes and can cause asphyxiation.
• Hydrogen chloride is a gas that is released from volcanoes and can cause skin and eye irritation.
• Hydrogen fluoride is a gas that is released from volcanoes and can cause severe burns.
• Water vapor is a gas that is released from
  Question 1

Which of the following volcanoes is not active?

(A) Mount Everest
(B) Mount Kilimanjaro
(CC) Mount Vesuvius
(D) Mount Fuji

Answer
(A) Mount Everest is a dormant volcano, meaning that it is not currently erupting but could erupt in the future. Mount Kilimanjaro is a shield volcano, which is a type of volcano that is formed by the eruption of lava that is low in silica and high in gas. Mount Vesuvius is a stratovolcano, which is a type of volcano that is formed by the eruption of lava that is high in silica and low in gas. Mount Fuji is an active volcano, meaning that it is currently erupting or has erupted in the past 10,000 years.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a type of volcanic eruption?

(A) Hawaiian eruption
(B) Strombolian eruption
(C) Vulcanian eruption
(D) Peléan eruption

Answer
(D) A Peléan eruption is a type of volcanic eruption that is characterized by the eruption of a thick, viscous lava that forms a lava dome. The other three types of volcanic eruptions are Hawaiian, Strombolian, and Vulcanian eruptions. Hawaiian eruptions are characterized by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that forms shield volcanoes. Strombolian eruptions are characterized by the eruption of alternating explosions of lava and tephra. Vulcanian eruptions are characterized by the eruption of lava that is intermediate in viscosity between Hawaiian and Strombolian eruptions.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a volcanic hazard?

(A) Volcanic ash
(B) Volcanic gas
(C) Volcanic debris avalanche
(D) Volcanic tsunami

Answer
(D) A volcanic tsunami is a type of tsunami that is caused by a volcanic eruption. The other three hazards are all caused by volcanic eruptions. Volcanic ash is a fine-grained material that is ejected into the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption. Volcanic gas is a gas that is released from a volcano during an eruption. Volcanic debris avalanche is a type of landslide that is caused by the collapse of a volcano.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a method of volcanic eruption prediction?

(A) Monitoring of seismic activity
(B) Monitoring of ground deformation
(C) Monitoring of gas emissions
(D) Monitoring of the weather

Answer
(D) The weather is not a factor that is used to predict volcanic eruptions. The other three methods are all used to predict volcanic eruptions. Monitoring of seismic activity is used to detect earthquakes that are associated with volcanic eruptions. Monitoring of ground deformation is used to detect changes in the shape of the ground that are associated with volcanic eruptions. Monitoring of gas emissions is used to detect changes in the composition of gases that are released from a volcano.

Question 5

Which of the following is not a method of volcanic eruption response?

(A) Evacuation
(B) Sheltering in place
(C) Tsunami warning
(D) Volcanic ash removal

Answer
(C) A tsunami warning is a warning that is issued to people who live in areas that are at risk of being affected by a tsunami. The other three methods are all used to respond to a volcanic eruption. Evacuation is the process of removing people from an area that is at risk of being affected by a volcanic eruption. Sheltering in place is the process of staying inside a building or other structure that is designed to protect people from the effects of a volcanic eruption. Volcanic ash removal is the process of removing volcanic ash from roads, buildings, and other surfaces.