Effect of bifurcation on commerce and entrepreneurs.

    PROVISIONS AS TO CERTAIN CORPORATIONS

 

The companies and corporations specified in the Ninth Schedule constituted for the existing State of Andhra Pradesh shall, on and from the appointed day, continue to function in those areas in respect of which they were functioning immediately before that day, subject to the provisions of this section.

The assets, rights and liabilities of the companies and corporations shall be apportioned between the successor States in the manner provided in section 53.

 

If it appears to the Central Government that the arrangement in regard to the generation or supply of electric power or the supply of water for any area or in regard to the execution of any project for such generation or supply has been or is likely to be modified to the disadvantage of that area by reason of the fact that it is, by virtue of the provisions of Part II, outside the State in which the power stations and other installations for the generation and supply of such power, or the catchment area, reservoirs and other works for the supply of water, as the case may be, are located, the Central Government may, after consultation with the Governments of the successor States wherever necessary, give such directions as it deems proper to the State Government or other authority concerned for the maintenance, so far as practicable, of the previous arrangement and the State to which such directions are given shall comply with them.

 

The Andhra Pradesh State Financial Corporation established under the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951 shall, on and from the appointed day, continue to function in those areas in respect of which it was functioning immediately before that day, subject to the provisions of this section and to such directions as may, from time to time, be issued by the Central Government.

 

Any directions issued by the Central in respect of the Corporation may include a direction that the said Act, in its application to the Corporation, shall have effect subject to such exceptions  and modifications as may be specified in the direction.

 

the Board of Directors of the Corporation may, with the previous approval of the Central Government and shall, if so required by the Central Government, convene at any time after the appointed day a meeting for the consideration of a scheme for the reconstitution or reorganisation or Dissolution, as the case may be, of the Corporation, including proposals regarding the formation of new Corporations, and the transfer thereto of the assets, rights and liabilities of the existing Corporation, and if such a scheme is approved at the general meeting by a resolution passed by a majority of the shareholders present and voting, the scheme shall be submitted to the Central Government for its sanction.

 

If the scheme is sanctioned by the Central Government either without modifications or with modifications which are approved at a general meeting, the Central Government shall certify the scheme, and upon such certification, the scheme shall, notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law for the time being in force, be binding on the Corporations affected by the scheme as well as the shareholders and creditors thereof.

 

If the scheme is not so approved or sanctioned, the Central Government may refer the scheme to such Judge of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh or the High Court of Telangana as may be nominated in this behalf by the Chief Justice thereof, and the decision of the Judge in regard to the scheme shall be final and shall be binding on the Corporations affected by the scheme as well as the shareholders and creditors thereof.

 

Nothing in the preceding provisions of this section shall be construed as preventing the Government of the States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana from constituting, at any time on or after the appointed day, a State Financial Corporation for that State under the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951.

 

Notwithstanding anything in this Part, the Central Government may, for each of the companies specified in the Ninth Schedule to this Act, issue directions––

(a) regarding the division of the interests and Shares of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh in the Company between the successor States;

(b) requiring the reconstitution of the Board of Directors of the Company so as to give adequate representation to the successor States.

 

Notwithstanding anything contained in section 88 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, a permit granted by the State Transport Authority of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh or any Regional Transport Authority in that State shall, if such permit was, immediately before the appointed day, valid and effective in any area in the transferred territory, be deemed to continue to be valid and effective in that area after that day till its period of validity subject to the provisions of that Act as for the time being in force in that area; and it shall not be necessary for any such permit to be countersigned by the State Transport Authority of Telangana or any Regional Transport Authority therein for the purpose of validating it for use in such area:

Provided that the Central Government may, after consultation with the successor State Government or Governments concerned add to amend or vary the conditions attached to the permit by the Authority by which the permit was granted.

 

No tolls, entrance fees or other charges of a like nature shall be levied after the appointed day in respect of any transport vehicle for its operations in any of the successor States under any such permit, if such vehicle was, immediately before that day, exempt from the payment of any such toll, entrance fees or other charges for its operations in the transferred territory:

Provided that the Central Government may, after consultation with the State Government or Governments concerned, authorise the levy of any such toll, entrance feesor other charges, as the case may be:

Provided further that the provisions of this sub-section shall not be applicable where any such tolls, entrance fees or other charges of a like nature are leviable for the use of any road or bridge which is constructed or developed for commercial purpose by the State Government, an undertaking of the State Government, a joint undertaking in which the State Government is a shareholder or the private sector.

 

Where on account of the reorganisation of the existing State of Andhra Pradesh under this Act, any body corporate constituted under a Central Act, State Act or Provincial Act, any co-operative Society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies or any commercial or industrial undertaking of that State is reconstituted or reorganised in any manner whatsoever or is amalgamated with any other body corporate, co-operative society or undertaking, or is dissolved, and in consequence of such reconstitution, reorganisation, amalgamation or dissolution, any workman employed by such body corporate or in any such co-operative society or undertaking, is transferred to, or re-employed by, any other body corporate, or in any other co-operative society or undertaking, then, notwithstanding anything contained in section 25F or section 25FF or section 25FFF of the Industrial Disputes

Act, 1947, such transfer or re-EMPLOYMENT shall not entitle him to any compensation under that section:

Provided that—

(a) the terms and conditions of service applicable to the workman after such transfer or re-employment are not less favourable to the workman than those applicable to him immediately before the transfer or re-employment;

(b) the employer in relation to the body corporate, the co-operative society or the undertaking where the workman transferred or re-employed is, by agreement or otherwise, legally liable to pay to the workman, in the event of his retrenchment, compensation under section 25F or section 25FF or section 25FFF of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 on the basis that his service has been continuous and has not been interrupted by the transfer or re-employment.

 

Where the assets, rights and liabilities of any body corporate carrying on business are, under the provisions of this Part, transferred to any other bodies corporate which after the transfer carry on the same business, the losses or profits or gains sustained by the body corporate first-mentioned which, but for such transfer, would have been allowed to be carried forward and set off in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VI of the Incometax Act, 1961, shall be apportioned amongst the transferee bodies corporate in accordance with the rules to be made by the Central Government in this behalf and, upon such apportionment, the share of loss allotted to each transferee body corporate shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of Chapter VI of the said Act, as if the transferee body corporate had itself sustained such loss in a business carried on by it in the years in which those losses were sustained.

 

The Government of the State of Andhra Pradesh or the State of Telangana, as the case may be, shall, in respect of the institutions specified in the Tenth Schedule to this Act, located in that State, continue to provide facilities to the people of the other State which shall not, in any respect, be less favourable to such people than what were being provided to them before the appointed day, for such period and upon such terms and conditions as may be agreed upon between the two State Governments within a period of one year from the appointed day or, if no agreement is reached within the said period, as may be fixed by order of the Central Government.

 

The Central Government may, at any time within one year from the appointed day, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify in the Tenth Schedule referred any other institution existing on the appointed day in the States of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and, on the issue of such notification, such Schedule shall be deemed to be amended by the inclusion of the said institution therein.,

Bifurcation is a term used to describe a situation in which a system can evolve into two or more distinct and stable states. This can happen in a variety of ways, but it is often the result of some kind of external shock or change.

In the context of commerce and Entrepreneurship, bifurcation can have a number of different effects. On the one hand, it can create new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs to enter new markets or develop new products and Services. On the other hand, it can also lead to increased competition and uncertainty, as businesses and entrepreneurs try to adapt to the new Environment.

The specific impact of bifurcation on a particular business or Industry will depend on a number of factors, including the nature of the bifurcation, the industry’s level of maturity, and the Resources available to businesses and entrepreneurs. However, there are a number of general strategies that businesses and entrepreneurs can use to mitigate the risks associated with bifurcation and take advantage of the opportunities it creates.

One important strategy is to be proactive in identifying and responding to changes in the market. This means staying up-to-date on industry trends and developments, and being prepared to adapt your business model or product offerings as needed. It also means being willing to take risks and experiment with new ideas.

Another important strategy is to build strong relationships with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders. This will help you to stay informed about changes in the market and to build a Network of support that can help you to weather any challenges that may arise.

Finally, it is important to have a strong financial foundation. This will give you the resources you need to invest in new opportunities and to weather any storms that may come your way.

Bifurcation can be a disruptive force, but it can also create new opportunities for businesses and entrepreneurs. By being proactive, building strong relationships, and having a strong financial foundation, businesses and entrepreneurs can mitigate the risks associated with bifurcation and take advantage of the opportunities it creates.

In the future, commerce and entrepreneurship are likely to become increasingly complex and uncertain. This is due to a number of factors, including the rapid pace of technological change, the increasing Globalization/”>Globalization-3/”>Globalization of the economy, and the growing importance of sustainability.

In this environment, businesses and entrepreneurs will need to be more agile and adaptable than ever before. They will need to be able to quickly identify and respond to changes in the market, and they will need to be willing to experiment with new ideas.

At the same time, businesses and entrepreneurs will also need to be more collaborative and networked. They will need to build strong relationships with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders in order to succeed.

The future of commerce and entrepreneurship is likely to be one of great change and uncertainty. However, businesses and entrepreneurs that are able to adapt to this environment will be well-positioned to succeed.

What is bifurcation?

Bifurcation is a sudden change in the behavior of a system as a parameter is varied. It can be caused by a number of factors, including changes in the system’s structure, its environment, or the way it is being controlled.

What are the effects of bifurcation on commerce and entrepreneurs?

Bifurcation can have a number of effects on commerce and entrepreneurs. For example, it can lead to the creation of new markets, the collapse of old markets, and the emergence of new business models. It can also lead to changes in the way that businesses are organized and managed.

What are some examples of bifurcation in the real world?

One example of bifurcation in the real world is the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was a centrally planned economy, which means that the government controlled all aspects of the economy. However, in the 1980s, the Soviet Union began to experience economic problems. These problems were caused by a number of factors, including the inefficiency of the centrally planned economy, the lack of innovation, and the growing demand for consumer goods. In an attempt to solve these problems, the Soviet government began to introduce market reforms. However, these reforms led to a number of problems, including Inflation, Unemployment, and social unrest. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed.

Another example of bifurcation in the real world is the rise of the Internet. The internet has had a profound impact on commerce and entrepreneurs. It has created new markets, such as E-Commerce, and it has made it possible for businesses to reach a global audience. It has also led to the emergence of new business models, such as online marketplaces and Social Media platforms.

What are some of the challenges associated with bifurcation?

One of the challenges associated with bifurcation is that it can be difficult to predict when it will occur. This is because bifurcation is often caused by a number of factors, which can be difficult to identify and measure. Additionally, bifurcation can lead to sudden and dramatic changes in the behavior of a system, which can be difficult for businesses to adapt to.

Another challenge associated with bifurcation is that it can lead to uncertainty and instability in the market. This is because bifurcation can cause the collapse of old markets and the emergence of new markets. This can make it difficult for businesses to plan for the future and to make Investment decisions.

What are some of the opportunities associated with bifurcation?

One of the opportunities associated with bifurcation is that it can create new markets. This is because bifurcation can lead to the collapse of old markets and the emergence of new markets. This can create opportunities for businesses to develop new products and services that meet the needs of the new markets.

Another opportunity associated with bifurcation is that it can lead to the emergence of new business models. This is because bifurcation can cause changes in the way that businesses are organized and managed. This can create opportunities for businesses to develop new business models that are more efficient and effective.

What are some of the implications of bifurcation for policy makers?

Bifurcation can have a number of implications for policy makers. For example, it can lead to changes in the way that businesses are regulated. Additionally, bifurcation can lead to changes in the way that taxes are collected and spent. Policy makers need to be aware of the potential implications of bifurcation and to develop policies that can help to mitigate the risks associated with it.

  1. Which of the following is not a type of business entity?
    (A) Sole proprietorship
    (B) PARTNERSHIP
    (C) Corporation
    (D) Government

  2. Which of the following is a benefit of a sole proprietorship?
    (A) Limited liability
    (B) Ease of formation
    (C) Tax advantages
    (D) All of the above

  3. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a sole proprietorship?
    (A) Unlimited liability
    (B) Difficulty raising capital
    (C) Personal liability for business debts
    (D) All of the above

  4. Which of the following is a benefit of a partnership?
    (A) Ease of formation
    (B) Shared management responsibilities
    (C) Increased ability to raise capital
    (D) All of the above

  5. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a partnership?
    (A) Unlimited liability for each partner
    (B) Difficulty in dissolving a partnership
    (C) Potential for conflict between partners
    (D) All of the above

  6. Which of the following is a benefit of a corporation?
    (A) Limited liability for shareholders
    (B) Ease of transfer of ownership
    (C) Ability to raise large amounts of capital
    (D) All of the above

  7. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a corporation?
    (A) Double Taxation
    (B) Complex management structure
    (C) Government regulation
    (D) All of the above

  8. Which of the following is a type of business organization that is owned and operated by one person?
    (A) Sole proprietorship
    (B) Partnership
    (C) Corporation
    (D) Government

  9. Which of the following is a type of business organization that is owned and operated by two or more people?
    (A) Sole proprietorship
    (B) Partnership
    (C) Corporation
    (D) Government

  10. Which of the following is a type of business organization that is owned by shareholders and managed by a board of directors?
    (A) Sole proprietorship
    (B) Partnership
    (C) Corporation
    (D) Government