Drinking Water: supply, factors of impurity of water and quality management.

Safe drinking water is the birthright of all humankind – as much a birthright as clean air.
The majority of the world’s Population, however, does not have access to safe drinking water. This is certainly true in most parts of Africa and Asia. Even in relatively advanced countries such as India, safe drinking water is not readily available, particularly in rural areas.
One reason safe drinking water is of paramount concern is that 75 percent of all diseases in developing countries arise from polluted drinking water.
Knowledge about how to make water safe for consumption is rare in most developing countries.
We simply must do a better job of raising public awareness and understanding about the nature of the problem and the technologies and strategies that are available to address it.

Background

Safe drinking water is a human birthright – as much a birthright as clean air. However, much of the world’s population does not have access to safe drinking water. Of the 6 billion people on earth, more than one billion (one in six) lack access to safe drinking water.
Moreover, about 2.5 billion (more than one in three) do not have access to adequate sanitation Services. Together, these shortcomings spawn waterborne diseases that kill on Average more than 6 million children each year (about 20,000 children a day). Water covers 70 percent of the globe’s surface, but most is saltwater.
Freshwater covers only 3 percent of the earth’s surface and much of it lies frozen in the Antarctic and Greenland polar ice.
Freshwater that is available for human consumption comes from rivers, lakes and underground sources and aquifers. Together these sources account for just 1 percent of all water on earth. Six billion people depend on this supply and a significant portion of the world’s population now face water shortages.

Ways to save and replenish

We must meet the world’s growing demand for freshwater.
However, we must do so with limited financial Resources and with practices that minimize ecological disruption.
An analysis of the situation suggests that our goals can be reached. Experts have proposed a four-fold path towards a viable solution for making water both potable and safe:
Seek new sources
Save and redistribute supplies
Reduce demand
Recycle
Some of these approaches are global in nature, while others are regional, national, local and even family-specific.
These efforts will ultimately succeed only when we empower people with the knowledge and means to address the issue on their own.

Individuals and communities Role in Safe Water

Efforts need not be left solely to governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Individuals, families and communities also have a vital role to play. Such responsibilities include:

Water harvesting at home, schools and community buildings
Water recycling at the microlevel, including at homes, buildings and communities
Saving water by ensuring taps and pipes are not leaky and by using optimum amounts of water for washing and toilet flushing
Making sure that the water is purified by methods suited to family conditions and needs
Maintaining proper levels of sanitation at home

Private Industry and nongovernmental organizations role in Safe Drinking Water SUpply

Many countries – for example, India, Indonesia, Kenya, and Nepal – have active nongovernmental organizations that involve communities in the funding and implementation of programmes designed to transform arid and semiarid terrains into productive agricultural regions receiving sufficient amounts of water. Such efforts should be expanded by:

Exchanging information among and between industry and nongovernmental organizations on relevant and novel methods and strategies
Focusing on sociological factors that may have an impact on the most suitable technologies and programmes for a given region/ community
Ensuring Equity in both services and benefits
Involving communities in all aspects of water harvesting, recycling, storage, purification and supply
Coordinating efforts among governmental and intergovernmental sectors for the purposes of achieving harmonious processes and results.

Various Initiatives by Ministry of Drinking Water

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP)

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) is a centrally sponsored scheme aimed at providing adequate and safe drinking water to the rural population of the country.
The NRDWP is a component of Bharat Nirman which focuses on the creation of rural Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE.
This has resulted in the provision of significant additional resources to the sector and for creating an Environment for the development of infrastructure and capacities for the successful operation of drinking water supply schemes in rural areas.

Bharat Nirman

Bharat Nirman was launched by the Government of India in 2005 as a programme to build rural infrastructure.
While Phase-I of the programme was implemented in the period 2005-06 to 2008-09, the Phase-II was implemented from 2009-10 to 2011-12. Rural drinking water is one of the six components of Bharat Nirman.
Funds provided under the NRDWP are counted towards the Bharat Nirman also and no additional funds are provided under Bharat Nirman

Scheme for providing safe drinking water supply through community water purification Plants in fluoride, arsenic, uranium and other heavy/toxic metals and pesticide/fertilizer affected rural habitations in the country

The National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP) funds for supplying “safe” water in contaminated areas are being utilized by the States as a policy mostly for alternate safe Piped Water Supply (PWS) schemes including Multivillage schemes (MVS) (i. e., from far away safe sources) the gestation period of such MVS projects is about 4-5 years.
Since the rural people cannot be put to risk due to consumption of unsafe drinking water in the interim period as also whereas all such Multi-Village Schemes carrying safe water from far away sources cannot be planned and completed in the span of 4-5 years due to huge funds involved, hence, the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation has submitted an EFC proposal to provide community water purification plants in fluoride, arsenic, uranium and other heavy/toxic metals and pesticide/fertilizer affected rural habitations in the country for providing safe drinking water immediately with an anticipated expenditure of total capital cost of Rs 3,600 crore with fund sharing pattern of 75:25 (90:10 in case of NE, J&K) between Centre and State in approx 20,000 habitations during the period 2014-15 to 2016-17.

Combined Water Supply Schemes (CWSS)

Combined Water Supply Schemes are being implemented where more than one local body, either rural or urban with a common source of water supply is involved with financial assistance under the Minimum Needs Programme, National Rural Drinking Water Programme and with funding from financial institutions like TUFIDCO, TNUIFSL, NABARD and Asian Development Bank.
During 2009 – 10 combined water supply schemes have been completed to benefit 4352 rural habitations and 41 towns at a cost of Rs. 795.04 crores. Presently Board is maintaining 422 CWSS in the state to serve 10,101 habitations benefiting populations of 131.59 lakhs which is about 20 percent of the state population

Drinking Water: Supply

Water is essential for life. It is used for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and many other purposes. The quality of drinking water is important for human Health.

There are three main sources of drinking water: surface water, groundwater, and rainwater.

Surface water is water that comes from rivers, lakes, and streams. It is the most common source of drinking water in the world. However, surface water can be contaminated with pollutants from human activities, such as agriculture, industry, and sewage.

Groundwater is water that is stored underground in aquifers. It is a good source of drinking water because it is usually protected from surface contamination. However, groundwater can be contaminated by pollutants that seep through the Soil, such as pesticides and Fertilizers.

Rainwater is water that falls from the sky. It is a good source of drinking water if it is collected and stored properly. However, rainwater can be contaminated with pollutants from the air, such as dust and pollen.

Factors of Impurity of Water

Water can be contaminated with a variety of impurities, including physical, chemical, and biological impurities.

Physical impurities are particles that are not dissolved in water. They can include dirt, sand, and clay. Physical impurities can make water cloudy and unpleasant to drink.

Chemical impurities are substances that are dissolved in water. They can include metals, pesticides, and fertilizers. Chemical impurities can be harmful to human health.

Biological impurities are living organisms, such as bacteria and viruses. They can cause diseases, such as cholera and typhoid.

Quality Management

The quality of drinking water is managed by a variety of methods, including treatment, distribution, storage, and monitoring.

Treatment is the process of removing impurities from water. Treatment methods include filtration, disinfection, and chlorination.

Distribution is the process of transporting water from treatment plants to homes and businesses. Distribution systems include pipes, pumps, and storage tanks.

Storage is the process of holding water in tanks or reservoirs. Storage helps to ensure that there is enough water to meet demand during peak periods.

Monitoring is the process of testing water to ensure that it meets quality standards. Monitoring is done by water utilities and government agencies.

Conclusion

Drinking water is essential for human health. The quality of drinking water is important and is managed by a variety of methods.

What is drinking water?

Drinking water is water that is safe and suitable for human consumption. It is typically treated to remove impurities and make it safe to drink.

What are the sources of drinking water?

The main sources of drinking water are surface water (rivers, lakes, and reservoirs) and groundwater (aquifers).

What are the factors that affect the quality of drinking water?

The quality of drinking water can be affected by a number of factors, including:

The source of the water
The treatment process
The distribution system
The storage and handling of the water
The human activities that take place in the watershed

What are the risks associated with drinking contaminated water?

Consuming contaminated water can lead to a number of health problems, including:

Diarrhea
Vomiting
Nausea
Abdominal cramps
Fever
Headache
Fatigue
Kidney problems
Liver problems
Nervous system problems
Cancer

How can I protect myself from drinking contaminated water?

There are a number of things you can do to protect yourself from drinking contaminated water, including:

Boil water for at least one minute before drinking it.
Use a filter to remove impurities from water.
Disinfect water with bleach or iodine.
Purchase bottled water.
Avoid drinking water from streams, rivers, and lakes.
Wash your hands thoroughly before eating or drinking.
Cook food thoroughly.
Avoid contact with animals that may be carrying diseases.

What is the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended daily intake of water?

The WHO recommends that adults consume 2.7 liters (91 ounces) of water per day for Women and 3.7 liters (123 ounces) of water per day for men.

What are the signs of dehydration?

The signs of dehydration include:

Thirst
Dry mouth
Dark urine
Fatigue
Headache
Muscle cramps
Confusion
Loss of consciousness

What should I do if I think I am dehydrated?

If you think you are dehydrated, you should drink plenty of fluids, such as water, juice, or Sports drinks. You should also avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can dehydrate you further. If your symptoms are severe, you should seek medical attention.

What are the different types of water filters?

There are a number of different types of water filters available, including:

Sediment filters: These filters remove large particles, such as dirt and sand, from water.
Carbon filters: These filters remove chlorine, taste, and odor from water.
Reverse osmosis filters: These filters remove a wide range of contaminants, including bacteria, viruses, and chemicals, from water.

How do I choose the right water filter for my needs?

The type of water filter you need will depend on the quality of your water and your individual needs. If you are unsure which type of filter to choose, you should consult with a water treatment professional.

How do I install a water filter?

The installation process will vary depending on the type of water filter you choose. However, most water filters can be installed by following the instructions that come with the filter.

How often should I change my water filter?

The frequency with which you need to change your water filter will depend on the type of filter you have and the quality of your water. Most water filters should be changed every six months to one year.

What are the benefits of using a water filter?

There are a number of benefits to using a water filter, including:

Improved taste and odor of water
Reduced risk of exposure to contaminants
Increased lifespan of appliances and fixtures
Reduced water bills

What are the drawbacks of using a water filter?

There are a few drawbacks to using a water filter, including:

Initial cost of the filter
Cost of replacement filters
Time and effort required to install and maintain the filter
Potential for filter to become clogged or contaminated

Which of the following is not a factor that can affect the quality of drinking water?
(A) The source of the water
(B) The treatment process used
(C) The distribution system
(D) The consumer’s tap
Which of the following is the most common type of water treatment process?
(A) Chlorination
(B) Filtration
(C) Ozonation
(D) Distillation
Which of the following is the most common contaminant in drinking water?
(A) Lead
(B) Arsenic
(C) Mercury
(D) Nitrate
Which of the following is the most common disease caused by drinking contaminated water?
(A) Cholera
(B) Typhoid fever
(C) Dysentery
(D) Diarrhea
Which of the following is the best way to protect yourself from drinking contaminated water?
(A) Boil the water for at least one minute.
(B) Filter the water using a certified filter.
(C) Disinfect the water with bleach.
(D) Purchase bottled water.
Which of the following is the most important thing to do if you think you have been exposed to contaminated water?
(A) Drink plenty of fluids.
(B) See a doctor.
(C) Take over-the-counter medications.
(D) Stay home from work or school.
Which of the following is the most common way that people are exposed to contaminated water?
(A) Drinking water from a well
(B) Drinking water from a tap
(C) Swimming in a lake or river
(D) Eating food that has been washed with contaminated water
Which of the following is the most common way that contaminated water can cause illness?
(A) Drinking water that contains bacteria
(B) Drinking water that contains viruses
(C) Drinking water that contains parasites
(D) Drinking water that contains chemicals
Which of the following is the most common symptom of illness caused by contaminated water?
(A) Diarrhea
(B) Vomiting
(C) Fever
(D) Abdominal cramps
Which of the following is the most important thing to do to prevent illness caused by contaminated water?
(A) Boil water before drinking it.
(B) Filter water before drinking it.
(C) Disinfect water before drinking it.
(D) Purchase bottled water.