Decentralization

Delegation

The active process of entrustment of a part of work or responsibility and authority to another and the creation of accountability for performance is known as delegation. Thus, there are three Elements of delegation as follows-

Assignment of Responsibility: This is also known as entrustment of duties. Duties can be divided into two parts: one part, that the individual can perform himself and the other part, that he can assign to his subordinates to perform.

Granting Authority: Authority refers to the official powers and position required to carry on any task. When duties are assigned to subordinates then the required authority must also be conferred to him

Creating Accountability: The delegatee is fully answerable to his superior for performance of the task assigned to him. Thus, the superior ensures performance through accountability by his subordinate.

Decentralization

Decentralisation refers to a systematic effort to delegate authority at all levels of management and in all departments. This shifts the power of DECISION MAKING to lower level under a well considered plan.

Decentralisation has number of benefits. Firstly, it reduces the workload of the top level management. Secondly, it motivates the employees and gives them more autonomy. It promotes initiative and creativity. It also helps employees to take quick and appropriate decisions. In this process, the top management is freed from the routine jobs and it enables them to concentrate on crucial areas and plan for Growth.

Distinction between Delegations and Decentralisation

Decentralisation is not same as delegation. The points of differences are –

While delegation is the process of assigning responsibility and authority and thereby creating accountability; decentralisation is the ultimate outcome of planned delegation.
Delegation of authority takes place between the manager and his subordinates while decentralisation involves the entire organisation, and is between top management and divisions/departments.
Delegation is done to speed up the work and is essential in trace; while decentralisation is optional and is usually done in large scale organisations.
In case of delegation the responsibility and authority delegated may be withdrawn by the delegator; which is not so easy in case of decentralisation.

Decentralized planning is a type of planning where local organisations and institutions formulate, adopt, execute actions and supervise the plan without interference by the central body. Decentralized planning in the State operated mainly through the following institutions and instruments; Grama Sabha (GS): People’s participation in decentralization was sought to be ensured mainly through meetings of the GP ward level Grama Sabha, chaired by the ward member.

There are following major dimensions of decentralization:

(i) Financial:- the transfer of revenue, BUDGETING and expenditure authority to local elected bodies.

(ii) Administrative:-the transfer of functional responsibilities in various sectors as well as staff Resources to the jurisdiction of elected local governments

(iii) Political:- the transfer of policy and legislative powers to local councils that have been democratically elected and establishment of mechanisms of accountability to local constituents

Panchayats are mentioned in Rig Veda, which is believed to have been composed more than 1000 years before Christ. The five members of the Panchayat of the village were known as Pancha Parameswar, or the five godly persons. Kings were respectful towards them. The Panchayat distributed land, collected revenue and settled disputes in the village. However, the Panchayats suffered a steady decline later under feudal and Moghul rules. A new class of feudal chiefs called zamindars came to function as a link between the king and the people.

Lord Ripon, who is regarded as the father of local-self government in India. He attached importance to both administrative efficiency as well as political Education at the local level.

The 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts, 1992, which gave Constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) respectively, in both letter and spirit in order to bring about greater decentralisation and increase the involvement of the community in planning and implementing schemes and, thus, increase accountability.

The Amendments left important matters such as implementation, service delivery (including local capacity building) and transfer of responsibilities and powers to rural local bodies at the discretion of the state legislatures. Consequently, while expenditure responsibilities of local bodies are extensively enhanced, there is no law to ensure a corresponding assignment of funds to match the additional responsibilities.

The District Planning Committee was made under the Constitution (74th) Amendment Act, 1992. Accordingly, there shall be a District Planning Committee at the district level to consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats And Municipalities and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.

Village/Ward Committee: Micro visioning & planning – linking vision to individual/family
Gram Panchayat:Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
Intermediate Panchayat:Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
Zilla Panchayat:-Link vision to own responsibility , resources , decide goal & plan
District Planning Committee :Integration & Consolidation

The Eleventh’ Schedule of the Constitution has recommended 29 subjects for devolution to Panchayats. The most important rationale for decentralized planning is direct involvement of the people in addressing their own development. An intervention which has impact only at the local level and can be organized locally is best left to the Panchayat to organize the same.

Decentralization is the process of distributing power away from a central authority. This can be done in a number of ways, such as through the use of blockchain technology, distributed ledgers, and smart contracts.

Decentralization has a number of potential benefits, including:

Increased security: Decentralized systems are often more secure than centralized systems, as they are not vulnerable to a single point of failure.
Reduced costs: Decentralized systems can often be more cost-effective than centralized systems, as they do not require the same level of Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE and maintenance.
Increased transparency: Decentralized systems are often more transparent than centralized systems, as all transactions are recorded on a public ledger.
Increased efficiency: Decentralized systems can often be more efficient than centralized systems, as they do not require the same level of Bureaucracy and red tape.

Decentralization is a powerful tool that can be used to improve a wide range of industries and applications. Some of the areas where decentralization is having a significant impact include:

Finance: Decentralized finance (DeFi) is a rapidly growing Industry that uses blockchain technology to provide financial Services without the need for a central authority. DeFi applications include decentralized exchanges, lending platforms, and insurance.
Supply Chain Management: Decentralized supply chain management (SCM) uses blockchain technology to track the movement of goods and materials throughout the supply chain. This can help to improve efficiency, transparency, and security.
Healthcare: Decentralized healthcare uses blockchain technology to store and manage patient data. This can help to improve patient privacy, security, and access to care.
Government: Decentralized government uses blockchain technology to provide citizens with a more direct say in how their government is run. This can help to improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency.

Decentralization is a powerful trend that is transforming a wide range of industries and applications. It is likely to have a significant impact on the way we live and work in the years to come.

Here are some specific examples of how decentralization is being used in each of these areas:

Finance: Decentralized exchanges (DEXs) allow users to trade cryptocurrencies without the need for a central authority. This can help to reduce fees and improve security. Lending platforms allow users to lend and borrow cryptocurrencies without the need for a bank. This can help to provide access to credit to those who would not otherwise qualify. Insurance platforms allow users to insure their assets against loss or damage using smart contracts. This can help to provide affordable insurance to those who would not otherwise be able to afford it.
Supply chain management: Decentralized supply chain management (SCM) platforms allow businesses to track the movement of goods and materials throughout the supply chain. This can help to improve efficiency, transparency, and security. For example, Walmart is using a blockchain-based SCM platform to track the movement of food products from farm to store. This helps to ensure that food is safe and that suppliers are paid fairly.
Healthcare: Decentralized healthcare platforms allow patients to store and manage their medical records. This can help to improve patient privacy, security, and access to care. For example, the company Gem is using a blockchain-based healthcare platform to store patient records. This allows patients to access their records from anywhere, and it also allows doctors to share records with each other more easily.
Government: Decentralized government platforms allow citizens to have a more direct say in how their government is run. This can help to improve transparency, accountability, and efficiency. For example, the company Democracy Earth is using a blockchain-based government platform to allow citizens to vote on laws and policies. This allows citizens to have a more direct say in how their government is run.

Decentralization is a powerful trend that is transforming a wide range of industries and applications. It is likely to have a significant impact on the way we live and work in the years to come.

What is a blockchain?

A blockchain is a distributed Database that allows for secure, transparent and tamper-proof transactions. It is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or impossible to change, hack, or cheat the system.

What is Bitcoin?

Bitcoin is a Cryptocurrency that uses a blockchain to secure its transactions. It was created in 2009 by an anonymous person or group of people under the name Satoshi Nakamoto.

What is Ethereum?

Ethereum is a decentralized platform that runs smart contracts: applications that run exactly as programmed without any possibility of fraud or third party interference.

What is a smart contract?

A smart contract is a self-executing contract that is stored in a blockchain. It is a computer program that runs on the blockchain and automatically executes when certain conditions are met.

What is DeFi?

DeFi stands for decentralized finance. It is a term used to describe the use of blockchain technology to create financial products and services that are not subject to centralized control.

What is DAO?

A DAO, or decentralized autonomous organization, is a type of organization that is run by code rather than by people. It is a self-governing organization that is managed by a set of rules that are encoded in a smart contract.

What is ICO?

An ICO, or initial coin offering, is a way for companies to raise Money by selling digital tokens. ICOs have become increasingly popular in recent years, as they offer a way for companies to raise money from a large number of investors without having to go through the traditional Venture Capital process.

What is a cryptocurrency?

A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security. A cryptocurrency is difficult to counterfeit because of this security feature. A defining feature of a cryptocurrency, and arguably its most endearing allure, is its organic nature. It is not issued by any central authority, rendering it theoretically immune to government interference or manipulation.

What is a token?

A token is a digital asset that represents a unit of value. Tokens can be used to represent anything from fiat currency to real estate to in-game items. Tokens are often used on decentralized applications (dApps) to represent ownership or access to a particular service.

What is a fork?

A fork is a change to the protocol of a blockchain. When a fork occurs, two or more versions of the blockchain are created. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as a disagreement about the direction of the project or a security vulnerability.

What is a hard fork?

A hard fork is a type of fork that results in two incompatible versions of the blockchain. This can happen when there is a disagreement about the direction of the project or a security vulnerability.

What is a soft fork?

A soft fork is a type of fork that is backwards compatible. This means that nodes that do not upgrade to the new version of the protocol will still be able to communicate with nodes that have upgraded.

What is a miner?

A miner is a computer that solves complex mathematical problems in order to verify transactions on a blockchain and earn rewards.

What is a node?

A node is a computer that runs a full copy of a blockchain. Nodes are responsible for verifying transactions and adding them to the blockchain.

What is a consensus algorithm?

A consensus algorithm is a set of rules that allow nodes on a blockchain to agree on the current state of the Network. Consensus algorithms are essential for ensuring the security and stability of a blockchain.

What is a 51% attack?

A 51% attack is a type of attack on a blockchain where an attacker gains control of more than 50% of the network’s hashrate. This allows the attacker to control the network and potentially reverse transactions or double-spend coins.

What is a security token?

A security token is a type of digital token that represents an ownership interest in an asset or company. Security tokens are regulated by securities laws and must be registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

What is a utility token?

A utility token is a type of digital token that provides access to a particular service or product. Utility tokens are not regulated by securities laws and do not need to be registered with the SEC.

What is a stablecoin?

A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency that is designed to maintain a stable value relative to another asset, such as the US dollar. Stablecoins are often used as a way to store value or make payments on decentralized applications.

What is a dApp?

A dApp, or decentralized

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a decentralized system?
(A) It is not controlled by a single entity.
(B) It is more resilient to attack.
(C) It is more efficient.
(D) It is more difficult to regulate.
Which of the following is an example of a decentralized system?
(A) The Internet.
(B) A blockchain.
(C) A peer-to-peer network.
(D) All of the above.
Which of the following is not a benefit of a decentralized system?
(A) It is more secure.
(B) It is more transparent.
(C) It is more efficient.
(D) It is more difficult to control.
Which of the following is a challenge of a decentralized system?
(A) It can be difficult to coordinate action.
(B) It can be difficult to maintain security.
(C) It can be difficult to regulate.
(D) All of the above.
Which of the following is a potential use case for a decentralized system?
(A) A distributed ledger for financial transactions.
(B) A peer-to-peer network for file sharing.
(C) A decentralized autonomous organization (DAO).
(D) All of the above.
Which of the following is not a type of decentralization?
(A) Political decentralization.
(B) Economic decentralization.
(C) Social decentralization.
(D) Technological decentralization.
Which of the following is an example of political decentralization?
(A) A federal government.
(B) A unitary government.
(C) A confederacy.
(D) A Dictatorship.
Which of the following is an example of economic decentralization?
(A) A market economy.
(B) A centrally planned economy.
(C) A Mixed Economy.
(D) A command economy.
Which of the following is an example of social decentralization?
(A) A Society with a strong central government.
(B) A society with a weak central government.
(C) A society with a decentralized government.
(D) A society with no government.
Which of the following is an example of technological decentralization?
(A) The internet.
(B) A blockchain.
(C) A peer-to-peer network.
(D) All of the above.