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Data, Data Processing and Database management System
Data processing and data management are critical components of business organizations.
DATA PROCESSING
Data processing refers to the process of performing specific operations on a set of data or a database. A database is an organized collection of facts and information, such as records on employees, inventory, customers, and potential customers. As these examples suggest, numerous forms of data processing exist and serve diverse applications in the business setting.
Data processing primarily is performed on information systems, a broad concept that encompasses computer systems and related devices. At its core, an information system consists of input, processing, and output. In addition, an information system provides for feedback from output to input. The input mechanism (such as a keyboard, scanner, microphone, or camera) gathers and captures raw data and can be either manual or automated. Processing, which also can be accomplished manually or automatically, involves transforming the data into useful outputs. This can involve making comparisons, taking alternative actions, and storing data for future use. Output typically takes the form of reports and documents that are used by managers. Feedback is utilized to make necessary adjustments to the input and processing stages of the information system.
The processing stage is where management typically exerts the greatest control over data. It also is the point at which management can derive the most value from data, assuming that powerful processing tools are available to obtain the intended results. The most frequent processing procedures available to management are basic activities such as segregating numbers into relevant groups, aggregating them, taking ratios, plotting, and making tables. The goal of these processing activities is to turn a vast collection of facts into meaningful nuggets of information that can then be used for informed DECISION MAKING, corporate strategy, and other managerial functions.
DATA AND INFORMATION
Data consist of raw facts, such as customer names and addresses. Information is a collection of facts organized in such a way that it has more value beyond the facts themselves. For example, a database of customer names and purchases might provide information on a company’s market demographics, sales trends, and customer loyalty/turnover.
Turning data into information is a process or a set of logically related tasks performed to achieve a defined outcome. This process of defining relationships between various data requires knowledge. Knowledge is the body or rules, guidelines, and procedures used to select, organize, and manipulate data to make it suitable for specific tasks. Consequently, information can be considered data made more useful through the application of knowledge. The collection of data, rules, procedures, and relationships that must be followed are contained in the knowledge base.
CHARACTERISTICS OF VALUABLE INFORMATION.
In order for information to be valuable it must have the following characteristics, as adapted from Ralph M. Stair’s book, Principles of Information Systems:
- Accurate. Accurate information is free from error.
- Complete. Complete information contains all of the important facts.
- Economical. Information should be relatively inexpensive to produce.
- Flexible. Flexible information can be used for a variety of purposes, not just one.
- Reliable. Reliable information is dependable information.
- Relevant. Relevant information is important to the decision-maker.
- Simple. Information should be simple to find and understand.
- Timely. Timely information is readily available when needed.
- Verifiable. Verifiable information can be checked to make sure it is accurate.
DATA MANAGEMENT
Data are organized in a hierarchy that begins with the smallest piece of data used by a computer—for purposes of this discussion, a single character such as a letter or number. Characters form fields such as names, telephone numbers, addresses, and purchases. A collection of fields makes up a record. A collection of records is referred to as a file. Integrated and related files make up a database.
An entity is a class of people, objects, or places for which data are stored or collected. Examples include employees and customers. Consequently, data are stored as entities, such as an employee database and a customer database. An attribute is a characteristic of an entity. For example, the name of a customer is an attribute of a customer. A specific value of an attribute is referred to as a data item. That is, data items are found in fields.
The traditional approach to data management consists of maintaining separate data files for each application. For example, an employee file would be maintained for payroll purposes, while an additional employee file might be maintained for newsletter purposes. One or more data files are created for each application. However, duplicated files results in data redundancy. The problem with data redundancy is the possibility that updates are accomplished in one file but not in another, resulting in a lack of data Integrity. Likewise, maintaining separate files is generally inefficient because the work of updating and managing the files is duplicated for each separate file that exists. To overcome potential problems with traditional data management, the database approach was developed.
The database approach is such that multiple business applications access the same database. Consequently, file updates are not required of multiple files. Updates can be accomplished in the common database, thus improving data integrity and eliminating redundancy. The database approach provides the opportunity to share data, as well as information sources. Additional Software is required to implement the database approach to data management. A database management system (DBMS) is needed. A DBMS consists of a group of programs that are used in an interface between a database and the user, or between the database and the application program.
DATA ORGANIZATION.
Data organization is critical to optimal data use. Consequently, it is important to organize data in such a manner as to reflect business operations and practices. As such, careful consideration should be given to content, access, logical structure, and physical organization. Content refers to what data are going to be collected. Access refers to the users that data are provided to when appropriate. Logical structure refers to how the data will be arranged. Physical structure refers to where the data will be located.
One tool that database designers use to show the logical relationships among data is a data model, which is a map or diagram of entities and their relationships. Consequently, data modeling requires a thorough understanding of business practices and what kind of data and information is needed.
DATABASE MODELS.
The structure of the relationships in most databases follows one of three logical database models: hierarchical, Network, and relational.
A hierarchical database model is one in which the data are organized in a top-down or inverted tree-like structure. This type of model is best suited for situations where the logical relationships between data can be properly represented with the one-parent-many-children approach.
A network model is an extension of the hierarchical database model. The network model has an owner-member relationship in which a member may have many owners, in contrast to a one-to-many-relationship.
A relational model describes data using a standard tabular format. All data Elements are placed in two-dimensional tables called relations, which are the equivalent of files. Data inquiries and manipulations can be made via columns or rows given specific criteria.
Network database models tend to offer more flexibility than hierarchical models. However, they are more difficult to develop and use because of relationship complexity. The relational database model offers the most flexibility, and was very popular during the early 2000s.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS.
As indicated previously, a database management system (DBMS) is a group of programs used as an interface between a database and an applications program. DBMSs are classified by the type of database model they support. A relational DBMS would follow the relational model, for example. The functions of a DBMS include data storage and retrieval, database modifications, data manipulation, and report generation.
A data definition language (DDL) is a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and data relationships in a particular database. File descriptions, area descriptions, record descriptions, and set descriptions are terms the DDL defines and uses.
A data dictionary also is important to database management. This is a detailed description of the structure and intended content in the database. For example, a data dictionary might specify the maximum number of characters allowed in each type of field and whether the field content can include numbers, letters, or specially formatted content such as dates or currencies. Data dictionaries are used to provide a standard definition of terms and data elements, assist programmers in designing and writing programs, simplify database modifications, reduce data redundancy,increase data reliability, and decrease program development time.
The choice of a particular DBMS typically is a function of several considerations. Economic cost considerations include software acquisition costs, maintenance costs, hardware acquisition costs, database creation and conversion costs, personnel costs, training costs, and operating costs.
Most DBMS vendors are combining their products with text editors and browsers, report generators, listing utilities, Communication software, data entry and display features, and graphical design tools. Consequently, those looking for a total design system have many choices.
DATA Warehousing.
Data warehousing involves taking data from a main computer for analysis without slowing down the main computer. In this manner, data are stored in another database for analyzing trends and new relationships. Consequently, the data warehouse is not the live, active system, but it is updated daily or weekly. For example, Wal-Mart uses a very large database (VLDB) that is 4 trillion bytes (terabytes) in size. Smaller parts of this database could be warehoused for further analysis to avoid slowing down the VLDB.
FUTURE TRENDS and BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING
A private database is compiled from individual consumer or business customer names and addresses maintained by a company for use in its own Marketing efforts. Such a database may have originated as a public database, but typically once the company begins adding or removing information it is considered a private database. By contrast, public databases are those names, addresses, and data that are complied for resale in the list rental market. This is publicly available data (i.e., any business can purchase it on the open market) rather than lists of specific customers or targets.
However, a new trend is combining features of the two approaches. Cooperative databases are compiled by combining privately held response files of participating companies so that costs are shared. Many consider this to be a future trend, such that virtually all catalog marketers, for example, would use cooperative databases.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are becoming a growing area of data management. GIS involves the combining demographic, environmental, or other business data with geographic data. This can involve road networks and urban mapping, as well as consumer buying habits and how they relate to the local geography. Output is often presented in a visual data map that facilitates the discovery of new patterns and knowledge.
Customer Resource Management (CRM) is another area where data process and data management is deeply involved. CRM is a set of methodologies and software applications for managing the customer relationship. CRM provides the opportunity for management, salespeople, marketers, and potentially even customers, to see sufficient detail regarding customer activities and contacts. This allows companies to provide other possible products or useful Services, as well as other business Options. Security of this information is of significant concern on both sides of the equation.
File Management System
Also referred to as simply a file system or filesystem. The system that an operating system or program uses to organize and keep track of files. For example, a hierarchical file system is one that uses directories to organize files into a tree structure.
Although the operating system provides its own file management system, one can buy separate file management systems. These systems interact smoothly with the operating system but provide more features, such as improved backup proceduresand stricter file protection.
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Data is a collection of facts, statistics, or other information that can be used to help make decisions. Data processing is the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data. Business data processing is the process of collecting, organizing, and analyzing data to help businesses make decisions. Data storage is the process of storing data in a way that it can be easily accessed and retrieved. File management system is a system that helps users organize and manage files on their computer. Database management system is a system that helps users store and manage data in a database.
Data is essential for businesses to make informed decisions. By collecting and analyzing data, businesses can identify trends, track performance, and make better decisions about their products, services, and marketing campaigns. Data can also be used to improve customer service and create personalized experiences for customers.
There are many different ways to collect data. Businesses can collect data from surveys, interviews, focus groups, observation, and experiments. They can also collect data from internal sources, such as sales records, customer service records, and website traffic data.
Once data is collected, it needs to be organized and analyzed. Data can be organized in a variety of ways, such as by date, by customer, or by product. It can also be analyzed using a variety of methods, such as statistical analysis, data mining, and machine Learning.
Data storage is important for businesses to be able to access and retrieve data when they need it. Data can be stored on a variety of devices, such as hard drives, flash drives, and cloud storage services.
File management systems help users organize and manage files on their computer. File management systems can help users create, delete, rename, and move files. They can also help users search for files and organize files into folders.
Database management systems help users store and manage data in a database. Database management systems can help users create, delete, update, and query data. They can also help users control access to data and ensure that data is accurate and secure.
Data is a valuable resource that can be used to improve businesses in a variety of ways. By collecting, organizing, and analyzing data, businesses can make better decisions, improve customer service, and create personalized experiences for customers. Data storage and file management systems help businesses keep track of their data and make it easy to access. Database management systems help businesses store and manage data in a secure and efficient way.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about data, data processing, business data processing, data storage, file management system and data base management systems:
What is data?
Data is information that is collected and stored for use in analysis or processing. It can be in the form of text, numbers, images, or audio.What is data processing?
Data processing is the collection, organization, and analysis of data. It is used to make decisions, solve problems, and create new products or services.What is business data processing?
Business data processing is the use of data to manage a business. It includes tasks such as accounting, inventory management, and customer relationship management.What is data storage?
Data storage is the process of storing data in a way that it can be accessed later. It can be done on a computer, a hard drive, or a cloud server.What is a file management system?
A file management system is a software program that helps users organize and manage files on a computer. It includes features such as creating, deleting, and renaming files.What is a database management system?
A database management system (DBMS) is a software program that helps users create and manage databases. It includes features such as creating tables, adding data, and querying data.What are the benefits of using a DBMS?
There are many benefits of using a DBMS, including:Increased efficiency: A DBMS can help you save time and effort by automating many of the tasks involved in data management.
- Improved accuracy: A DBMS can help you ensure the accuracy of your data by providing features such as data validation and data redundancy checking.
- Enhanced security: A DBMS can help you protect your data from unauthorized access and use.
Increased flexibility: A DBMS can help you adapt to changing business needs by providing features such as scalability and extensibility.
What are the different types of DBMS?
There are many different types of DBMS, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Some of the most common types of DBMS include:Relational DBMS: A relational DBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in tables. Each table has a set of columns and rows. The columns represent the attributes of the data, and the rows represent the individual records.
- Hierarchical DBMS: A hierarchical DBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in a tree-like structure. Each node in the tree represents an entity, and the branches represent the relationships between entities.
- Network DBMS: A network DBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in a network-like structure. Each node in the network represents an entity, and the links represent the relationships between entities.
- Object-oriented DBMS: An object-oriented DBMS is a type of DBMS that stores data in objects. Each object has a set of attributes and methods.
Object-relational DBMS: An object-relational DBMS is a type of DBMS that combines the features of relational and object-oriented DBMS.
What are the challenges of using a DBMS?
There are some challenges associated with using a DBMS, including:Complexity: DBMS can be complex to learn and use.
- Cost: DBMS can be expensive to purchase and maintain.
- Security: DBMS can be vulnerable to security threats.
Performance: DBMS can be slow and unresponsive.
How do I choose the right DBMS for my needs?
When choosing a DBMS, you need to consider the following factors:The type of data you need to store
- The size of your data
- The number of users who will be accessing your data
- The level of security you need
Your budget
What are the best practices for using a DBMS?
There are some best practices for using a DBMS, including:Creating a backup plan: You should always have a backup plan in place in case your data is lost or corrupted.
- Encrypting your data: You should encrypt your data to protect it from unauthorized access.
- Keeping your software up to date: You should keep your DBMS software up to date to ensure that it is secure and has the latest features.
- Monitoring your system: You should monitor your system for performance and security issues.
- Training your users: You should train your users on how to use the DBMS effectively.
Which of the following is not a type of data?
(A) Text
(B) Numbers
(C) Images
(D) AlgorithmsWhich of the following is not a step in data processing?
(A) Input
(B) Processing
(C) Output
(D) StorageWhich of the following is not a type of business data processing?
(A) Accounting
(B) Finance
(C) Marketing
(D) ProgrammingWhich of the following is not a type of data storage?
(A) Magnetic tape
(B) Hard disk drive
(C) Solid-state drive
(D) AlgorithmsWhich of the following is not a type of file management system?
(A) File allocation table
(B) Master file table
(C) Index
(D) AlgorithmWhich of the following is not a type of database management system?
(A) Relational database management system
(B) Hierarchical database management system
(C) Network database management system
(D) AlgorithmWhich of the following is not a benefit of using a database management system?
(A) Increased data integrity
(B) Improved data security
(C) Reduced data redundancy
(D) Increased data accessibilityWhich of the following is not a disadvantage of using a database management system?
(A) Increased complexity
(B) Increased cost
(C) Increased training requirements
(D) Increased data securityWhich of the following is not a type of query language?
(A) Structured query language (SQL)
(B) Query by example (QBE)
(C) Natural language query (NLQ)
(D) AlgorithmWhich of the following is not a type of data visualization tool?
(A) Bar chart
(B) Line graph
(C) Pie chart
(D) Algorithm