<–2/”>a >68.84% of the Population in India is rural based and majority of them depends on agriculture for a living. Enhanced and stable Growth of the agriculture sector is important as it plays a vital role not only in generating purchasing power among the rural population by creating on-farm and off-farm EMPLOYMENT opportunities but also through its contribution to price stability and Food Security.The share of agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Bank Credit was about 13 per cent despite rise in credit flow to agriculture in absolute terms. The heavy dependency of farmers on moneylender is partly on account of denial or limited access to Bank Services.
The Rural Finance Market comprises of:
(i) Organized or formal system;
(ii) Unorganized or informal segment.
The Organized or formal segment consists of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Public and Private Sector Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB), Land Development Banks (LDB), State Cooperative banks (SCB), Central Cooperative Banks (CCB), Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks (PACB), Central and States Governments, Life Insurance Corporations (LIC), Post Office Saving Banks, etc
Main sources of Unorganized or informal segment are as follows:-
Money Lenders: There are two Types of money lenders in rural areas. a) agricultural money lenders and b) professional money lender. Agricultural money lender’s main occupation is farming and money lending is secondary one. Professional money lender’s main profession is money lending. Although the reliance on money lender by rural poor declined over the years, the credit disbursed by money lenders still forms a major portion of the total credit obtained by the farmers.
Land Lords:Small farmers and tenants rely on land lords for finance to meet out their productive and unproductive expenses. This SOURCE OF FINANCE has all the defects associated with money lenders. Interest rates are exorbitant. Often small farmers are forced to sell out their lands to these land lords and they become land less labourers.
The enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act 1904 was the first effort made by the Government in the country to institutionalize Agricultural credit by promoting the cooperatives in a corporate form.After India attained Independence in August, 1947, cooperatives assumed a great significance in POVERTY removal and faster socio-economic growth. With the advent of the planning process, cooperatives became an integral part of the Five Year Plans. As a result, they emerged as a distinct segment in our national economy.In the First Five Year Plan, it was specifically stated that the success of the Plan would be judged, among other things, by the extent it was implemented through cooperative organisations.
State Cooperative Bank at the apex level in each State, the Central Cooperative Bank at the District level and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies / Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks / Large Sized Agricultural Multi-Purpose Societies / Farmers Service Societies at the base level serves the structural development of Cooperative Societies in India.
The cooperatives have been operating in various areas of the economy such as credit, production, processing, ,Marketing, input distribution, housing, dairying and textiles. In some of the areas of their activities like dairying, urban Banking and housing, sugar and handlooms, the cooperatives have achieved success to an extent but there are larger areas where they have not been so successful.
The failure of cooperatives in the country is mainly attributable to: dormant membership and lack of active participation of members in the management of cooperatives. Mounting overdues in cooperative credit institution, lack of mobilisation of internal Resources and over-dependence on Government assistance, lack of professional management. bureaucratic control and interference in the management, political interference and over-politisation have proved harmful to their growth. Predominance of vested interests resulting in non-percolation of benefits to a common member, particularly to the class of persons for whom such cooperatives were basically formed, has also retarded the development of cooperatives. These are the areas which need to be attended to by evolving suitable legislative and policy support.
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established through an Act of Parliament in 1982. NABARD was set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for agriculture, rural industries and all other allied economic activities.
NABARD was established with an aim of building an empowered and financially inclusive rural India through specific goal oriented departments which can be categorized broadly into three heads: Financial, Developmental and Supervision. Through these initiatives we touch almost every aspect of rural economy. From providing refinance support to building rural Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE; from preparing district level credit plans to guiding and motivating the banking Industry in 
achieving these targets; from supervising Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) to helping them develop Sound banking practices and onboarding them to the CBS platform; from designing new development schemes to the implementation of GoI’s development schemes; from training handicraft artisans to providing them a marketing platform for selling these articles.,
The following is a well-informed ARTICLE without introduction and conclusion, so that the total length is about 600 words.
The topic of this article is the history of the English language. The article will discuss the origins of the English language, its development over time, and its current status as a global language.
The English language is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, it ultimately derives its name from the Anglia peninsula in the Baltic Sea. It is closely related to the Frisian languages, but its vocabulary has been significantly influenced by other Germanic languages, particularly Norse (a North Germanic language), as well as by Latin and French.
English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England; this was a period in which English was influenced by Old French, in particular through its Old Norman dialect. Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London, the printing of the King James Bible and the start of the Great Vowel Shift.
Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through all types of printed and electronic media of these times, English became the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and professional contexts such as science, navigation and law. Modern English is the most widely learned second language and is either the Official Language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. There are more people who have learned it as a second language than there are native speakers. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English is the third most widely spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch. English is the third most widely spoken native language in the world, after Standard Chinese and Spanish.
English is a pluricentric language, with several varieties having official status in different countries. Standard English is the most widely spoken and is used for international Communication. Other varieties include British English, American English, Australian English, Indian English, and South African English.
English is a highly inflected language, with a complex system of Noun declensions and verb conjugations. It is also a highly synthetic language, with a large number of affixes that can be added to words to change their meaning.
English is a very expressive language, with a wide range of vocabulary and a complex grammar. It is also a very flexible language, with a wide range of registers and styles.
English is a very important language in the world today. It is the language of international communication, and it is the language of science, technology, and business. It is also the language of popular culture, and it is the language of the Internet.
English is a fascinating language with a long and complex history. It is a language that is constantly evolving, and it is a language that is used by people all over the world.
Here are some frequently asked questions about credit supply:
What is credit supply?
Credit supply is the amount of money that banks and other financial institutions are willing to lend to borrowers. It is determined by a number of factors, including the interest rate, the borrower’s creditworthiness, and the availability of collateral.What are the different types of credit supply?
There are two main types of credit supply: secured and unsecured. Secured credit is backed by collateral, such as a house or car. Unsecured credit is not backed by collateral, and the lender relies on the borrower’s creditworthiness to repay the loan.What are the benefits of credit supply?
Credit supply can help businesses and individuals finance their activities. It can also help to stimulate the economy by increasing spending and Investment.What are the risks of credit supply?
Credit supply can lead to over-borrowing and debt problems. It can also lead to Inflation, as banks and other financial institutions create new money to lend to borrowers.How is credit supply regulated?
Credit supply is regulated by the government to ensure that it is safe and sound. The government sets limits on the amount of credit that banks can lend, and it also requires banks to hold certain levels of capital.What are the challenges of credit supply?
One of the challenges of credit supply is that it can be difficult to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers. This can lead to losses for lenders, and it can also make it difficult for borrowers to obtain credit.What are the future trends in credit supply?
The future of credit supply is uncertain. The global financial crisis has led to a tightening of credit conditions, and it is unclear when these conditions will ease. However, there is some evidence that credit supply is starting to recover.What are some of the latest developments in credit supply?
One of the latest developments in credit supply is the rise of peer-to-peer lending. Peer-to-peer lending is a form of lending that allows individuals to lend money directly to other individuals, without the need for a bank or other financial institution.What are some of the benefits of peer-to-peer lending?
Peer-to-peer lending can offer a number of benefits for both borrowers and lenders. For borrowers, peer-to-peer lending can provide access to credit at lower interest rates than traditional bank loans. For lenders, peer-to-peer lending can offer a higher return on investment than traditional bank deposits.What are some of the risks of peer-to-peer lending?
Peer-to-peer lending also carries some risks for both borrowers and lenders. For borrowers, the risk of default is higher with peer-to-peer lending than with traditional bank loans. For lenders, the risk of loss is higher with peer-to-peer lending than with traditional bank deposits.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a function of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)?
(A) Conducting the Monetary Policy of the country
(B) Regulating the banking system
(C) Promoting the development of the financial system
(D) Providing credit to the agricultural sector
Answer
(D)
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India. It was established on April 1, 1935, in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The RBI is the banker to the government of India and the banker’s bank. It is also the issuer of the Indian rupee.
The RBI has four main functions:
- Conducting the monetary policy of the country. This includes setting interest rates, managing the Money Supply, and regulating the Foreign Exchange market.
- Regulating the banking system. This includes ensuring the safety and soundness of banks, and promoting the development of the banking system.
- Promoting the development of the financial system. This includes promoting the development of non-banking financial institutions, and the Financial Markets.
- Providing credit to the agricultural sector. This includes providing loans to farmers, and promoting the development of agricultural infrastructure.
Question 2
Which of the following is not a type of bank?
(A) Commercial bank
(B) Cooperative bank
(C) Regional rural bank
(D) Development bank
Answer
(D)
A commercial bank is a type of financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and uses those deposits to make loans. Commercial banks are the most common type of bank in the world.
A cooperative bank is a type of financial institution that is owned and operated by its members. Cooperative banks are often used by farmers, small businesses, and other groups that need access to credit.
A regional rural bank is a type of bank that was established in India in the 1970s to provide credit to rural areas. Regional rural banks are owned by the government of India and by commercial banks.
A development bank is a type of financial institution that provides loans to businesses and other organizations for the purpose of Economic Development. Development banks are often owned by governments or by international organizations.
Question 3
Which of the following is not a type of financial market?
(A) Stock market
(B) Bond market
(C) Currency market
(D) Commodity market
Answer
(D)
A stock market is a market where Shares of companies are bought and sold. A bond market is a market where Bonds are bought and sold. A currency market is a market where currencies are bought and sold. A commodity market is a market where commodities, such as oil, gold, and wheat, are bought and sold.
Question 4
Which of the following is not a type of financial instrument?
(A) Stock
(B) Bond
(C) Derivative
(D) Currency
Answer
(D)
A stock is a share of ownership in a company. A bond is a loan that is made to a company or government. A derivative is a financial instrument that derives its value from another asset, such as a stock or a bond. Currency is a form of money that is used in international trade.
Question 5
Which of the following is not a type of financial institution?
(A) Commercial bank
(B) Cooperative bank
(C) Regional rural bank
(D) Insurance company
Answer
(D)
An insurance company is a type of financial institution that provides insurance to individuals and businesses. Insurance companies collect premiums from their customers and use those premiums to pay for claims that are made against their policies.