<<–2/”>a >a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/corruption/”>Corruption is widespread in India. India has been ranked 79th out of 176 countries in Transparency International’s 2012 corruption perception index (CPI). Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect of Indian Politics and Bureaucracy. The economy of India was under socialist. Inspired policies for an entire generation from the 1950s until the 1980s. The economy was shackled by extensive regulation protectionism and public ownership, leading to pervasive corruption and slow Growth. Since 1991, economic Liberalization-2/”>Liberalization in India has reduced red type and bureaucracy, supported the transition towards a market economy and transformed the economy with high growth rate. However, although the Indian economy has become the 4th largest in the world, the growth has been uneven across social and economic groups and POVERTY is still on issue. Endemic and deep rooted corruption is a major factor for most social and political ills. It is a serious threat not just to sustainable economic growth, but also to the sociopolitical fabric of the country.
In Indian civilization, corruption have caused maximum suffering to the humankind. In ancient Indian history the great Indian philosopher Kautilya says “just as it is not possible, not to taste honey or poison put on the surface of the tongue, so it is not possible for the government servant dealing with Money not to taste it in however small a quantity.” On the difficulties of corruption detection Kautilya says “just as a fish moving under water cannot possibly be found out either as drinking or not drinking water, so government servant employed in the government works cannot be found out taking money.”
After the independence corruption is widespread in Indian bureaucratic and political system fill lust small point to apex. According to an international report, the much amount of Indian black money deposited in Tax Heaven Foreign Banks, if which is come out in India. Then the annual budget of India can be made without tax lies to next 30 years. It is surmisal that the is how much widespread in present India after independence probably that high profile scandal was the jeep scam in 1948, when jeeps were required for the army operation in Kashmir. Other notable scandals includes the Mudgal case (1951), Mundra case (1957 – 58), Malviya – Sirajuddin Scandal (1963).
The governing Climate in those days can be gauged from the many observations . A.D. Gorwala committee, set up to suggest ways to improve the system of governance. The Santhanam committee (1962) examine the problem of corruption observed in 1964 that “there is widespread impression that failure of Integrity is not uncommon among ministers and that some ministers, who have held office during the last sixteen years have enriched themselves illegitimately, obtained good jobs for their sons and relations through Nepotism and have reaped other advantages inconsistent with any notion of purity in public life.” In later years corruption will be gradually widespread in Society/”>Indian Society and no effective measures have yet been installed that curb the menace. The lokpal bill could not be passed in last decades, it speaks for the utter lack of political will in the country.
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (POCA) is India’s principal legislation against corruption. Its main thrust is to prohibit public servants from accepting or soliciting illegal gratification in the discharge of their official functions. In addition, bribe-givers and intermediaries may be held liable under POCA for bribing public officials. However, prosecution under POCA requires prior approval of high authorities which severely limits its usefulness particularly where there is collusive activity within government branches.
In addition to POCA’s prohibitions, various sections of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) provide criminal punishment for public servants who disobey relevant laws or procedures, frame incorrect or improper documents, unlawfully engage in trade, or abuse their position or discretion.
In order to ensure speedy trial of corruption cases, the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 made the following provisions:
a. All cases under the Act are to be tried only by a Special Judges.
b. The proceedings of the court should be held on a day-to-day basis.
c. No court shall stay the proceedings under the Act on the grounds of any error or irregularity in the sanction granted, unless in the opinion of the court it has led to failure of Justice.
The 1988 Act enlarged the scope of the term ‘public servant’ and included a large number of employees within its ambit. Besides the employees of the central government and the union territories, the employees of public undertakings, nationalised banks, office-bearers of Cooperative Societies of the central and the State Government receiving financial aid, employees of the University Grants Commission (UGC), vice-chancellors, professors, and scientists in institutions receiving financial aid from the central or state governments or even from the local authorities have all been declared as public servants.
Corruption is an age old phenomenon and can be seen everywhere now a days. It is like a cancer in public life, which has not become to rampant and perpetuated overnight, but is course of time. The word corruption means destruction, ruining or spoiling a society or nation. A corrupt society is characterized by immorality and lack of fear or respect for the law. It is the abuse of public power for private gain. Corruption comes under many different guises like bribery, extortion, fraud, embezzlement. misappropriations of public goods, nepotism (favoring family members for jobs and contracts) cronyism and influence pending. Corruption has been defined in many different ways, each lacking in some aspect. A few years ago, the question of definition absorbed a large praportion of the time spent on discussion of corruption at conferences and feelings. However like a elephant, even though it may be difficult to describe, it is generally not difficult to recognize when observeed. Unfortunately, the behaviour is often difficult to observe directly because, typically acts of corruption do no t takes place in broad day Light.
In recent years so many major scandals involving high level public officials have shaken the Indian public Services. These scandals suggests corruption has become a pervasive aspect of Indian political and bureaucratic system. Some of them major scams are following:
- Coal Allotment Scam (Cost – 186000 Crores)
- 2 G Spectrum Scam (Cost – 176000 Crores)
- Commonwealth Games (CWG) Scam (Cost – 70000 Crores)
- Mega black money laundering Scam (Cost – 70000 Crores)
Nature of corruption in India
Under the Indian constitution, the government consists of three branches : the legislative, the executive and the judiciary with clear mandate for independent functioning of each branch. For the Good Governance it is compulsory that each of these units must function with integrity and efficiency. The legislators are elected representatives of the peoples and responsible for making laws. The executive branch consisting of ministers, bureaucrats and whole government machinery, which is responsible for the implementation of laws made up by legislative assemblies. The judiciary, acts as an impartial watchdog to see if the people are governed as per the law. It lakes the power to frame any law, it can only interpret the laws passed by the law makers under the constitutional framework and give its verdicts. But when corruption invades, governance begins to degrade implying loss of integrity and efficiency both. Now – a – days corruption is widespread in every segment of Indian government system and politics.
The behaviour of India legislators both at the union and in the state leaves a lot to be desired. Every time they act motivated by personal gain. Corruption in the assemblies as seen from this perspective implies floor crossing, case for vote taking money or other benefits to ask questions, framing rules under the influence of big corporate houses at the cost of common people. Criminalization of politics is yet another fact of corruption in the current parliament. These are over a quarter MPs with criminal records. Many with serious charges against them. It also highlights an area where Electoral reforms is urgently needed so that criminals don’t enter in the parliament or state assemblies.
In the executive branch, ministers are placed at top of the hierarchy. They are responsible for the making policies for the public because the public trust on them and elected by votes to making government. In recent analysis we seen that the level of corruption in ministers is highest. 2G spectrum scam, coal allotment scam, commonwealth games scam, fodder scam etc. are the best examples of it.
In Indian Parliamentary System, the responsibility of execution of the policies making by government at ground level is taking hand over to the bureaucracy. But the report card of the Indian bureaucracy is also not very flattering. Bureaucratic corruption in India thrives on red tape, complicated procedures and discretionary power. Governance in India is characterized by the lack of transparency in rules. Complicated procedures and a bureaucracy that enjoys broad discretionary power. According to a recent analysis of reports of bribery demands.
in India conducted by trace international was published in January 2009, 90% demand for bribe came from government officials of which over 65% for avoiding harassment, 50% bribery was for timely delivery of services to which the individuals were already entitled, about 10% were meant to provide any advantage. Bureaucratic corruption pervades the Indian administration system with widespread practices of bribery, nepotism and misuse of official positions and Resources.
Causes Of Corruption In India
- Emergence of a political elite which believes in interest oriented rather than nation oriented programmes and policies.
- Artificial scarcity created by people with malevolent intention wrecks the fabrics of the economy.
- Corruption is caused as well as increased because of the change in the value system and ethical qualities of men who administer. The old ideals of morality, services and honesty are regarded as anachronistic.
- Tolerance of people towards corruption, complete lack of intense public outcry against corruption and the absence of a strong public forum to oppose corruption allow corruption to reign our people.
- Vast size of Population coupled with widespread illiteracy and the poor economic Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE lead to endemic corruption in public life.
- In a highly inflationary economy, low salaries of government officials compel them to resort to corruption. Graduates from Indian institutes of management with no experience draw a far handsome salary than what government secretaries draw.
- Complex laws and procedures deter common people from seeking help from the government.
- Elution time is a time when corruption is at its peak. Big industrialists fund politicians to meet high cost of election and ultimately to seek personal favour. Bribery to politicians buys influences and bribery by politicians buys votes. In order to get elected, politicians bribe poor, illiterate people.
Recommandations to fight corruption
- Foolproof laws should be made so that there is no room for discretion for politicians and bureaucrats. The role of the politician should be minimized. Application of the evolved policies should be left in the hands of an independent commission or authority in each area of public interest. The decision of the commission or authority should be challenged only in the courts.
- Cooperation of the people has to be obtained for successfully containing corruption. People should have a right to recall the elected representatives if they see them becoming indifferent to the electorate.
- Public awareness is must to combat corruption in India, for this it should be must to improve our Education system because education is the best mean to understand Fundamental Rights and Right – Wrong conversation.
- Corruption can be remed if people can understand and start to believe the value of ethics and morality in their life.
- Funding of Elections is at the core of political corruption. Electoral reforms are crucial in this regard. Several reforms like state funding of election expenses for candidates, strict enforcement of statutory requirements like holding in-party elections, making Political Parties get their accounts audited regularly and filing income-tax returns, denying persons with criminal records a chance to contest elections, should be brought in. Responsiveness, accountability and transparency are a must for a clean system. Bureaucracy, the backbone of good governance, should be made more citizen-friendly, accountable, ethical and transparent.
- The prosecution of corruption cases should be conducted by a panel of lawyers prepared by the Attorney General or the Advocate General in consultation with Rashtriya Lokayukta-2/”>Lokayukta or Lokayukta as the case may be.
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The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 is a law in the United Kingdom that was enacted to prevent corruption in public life. The Act covers a wide range of activities, including bribery, extortion, and money laundering. It also sets out a number of procedures and safeguards to help prevent corruption, such as the requirement for public officials to declare their interests.
The Act is enforced by the Serious Fraud Office (SFO), which is an independent law enforcement agency that investigates and prosecutes serious fraud and corruption cases. The SFO has a number of powers to investigate corruption, including the power to search premises, seize documents, and interview witnesses.
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 has been successful in reducing corruption in the UK. However, there is still some way to go, and the SFO continues to work hard to investigate and prosecute corruption cases.
Bribery
Bribery is the act of offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting anything of value to influence the actions of an official or other person in charge of a public or legal duty. Bribery can take many forms, including cash payments, gifts, favors, and promises of future EMPLOYMENT.
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 makes it an offence to offer, give, receive, or solicit a bribe. The Act also makes it an offence to attempt to bribe someone, or to conspire to bribe someone.
The maximum penalty for bribery under the Corruption Prevention Act 1988 is 10 years’ imprisonment.
Extortion
Extortion is the act of obtaining something, typically money, by force or threats. Extortion can take many forms, including blackmail, racketeering, and protection rackets.
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 makes it an offence to extort money or other property from someone. The Act also makes it an offence to threaten someone with violence or other harm in order to extort money or other property from them.
The maximum penalty for extortion under the Corruption Prevention Act 1988 is 10 years’ imprisonment.
Money laundering
Money laundering is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money. Money laundering can take many forms, including depositing cash into bank accounts, buying assets, and investing in businesses.
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 makes it an offence to launder money. The Act also makes it an offence to conceal or disguise the origins of illegally obtained money.
The maximum penalty for money laundering under the Corruption Prevention Act 1988 is 14 years’ imprisonment.
Public officials’ declarations of interests
Public officials are required to declare their interests in order to prevent conflicts of interest. A conflict of interest arises when a public official has a personal interest in a matter that they are dealing with in their official capacity.
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 requires public officials to declare their interests in writing. The Act also requires public officials to update their declarations of interests on a regular basis.
The maximum penalty for failing to declare an interest under the Corruption Prevention Act 1988 is two years’ imprisonment.
Enforcement by the Serious Fraud Office
The Serious Fraud Office (SFO) is an independent law enforcement agency that investigates and prosecutes serious fraud and corruption cases. The SFO has a number of powers to investigate corruption, including the power to search premises, seize documents, and interview witnesses.
The SFO can also apply for a court order to freeze assets that are suspected of being the proceeds of corruption.
The SFO has a good track record of investigating and prosecuting corruption cases. In recent years, the SFO has secured convictions in a number of high-profile corruption cases, including the case of former MP Denis MacShane.
Successes and challenges
The Corruption Prevention Act 1988 has been successful in reducing corruption in the UK. However, there is still some way to go, and the SFO continues to work hard to investigate and prosecute corruption cases.
One of the challenges facing the SFO is the difficulty of proving corruption beyond a reasonable doubt. Corruption often takes place in secret, and it can be difficult to gather evidence that is strong enough to secure a conviction.
Another challenge facing the SFO is the fact that corruption is often transnational in nature. This means that the SFO may need to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in other countries in order to investigate and prosecute corruption cases.
Despite these challenges, the SFO is committed to fighting corruption and ensuring that those who engage in corrupt practices are brought to justice.
What is corruption?
Corruption is the abuse of power for private gain. It can take many forms, such as bribery, extortion, nepotism, and cronyism. Corruption can have a devastating impact on a country’s economy, Democracy, and social fabric.
What are the causes of corruption?
There are many factors that can contribute to corruption, including weak institutions, lack of transparency, and economic inequality. Corruption can also be caused by greed, power, and a lack of ethics.
What are the effects of corruption?
Corruption can have a devastating impact on a country’s economy, democracy, and social fabric. It can lead to higher prices, lower Investment, and a decline in economic growth. Corruption can also undermine democracy by weakening institutions and eroding public trust in government. It can also lead to social unrest and instability.
What can be done to fight corruption?
There are many things that can be done to fight corruption, including strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and fighting poverty. It is also important to build a culture of integrity and accountability.
What is the role of the media in fighting corruption?
The media plays a vital role in fighting corruption by exposing it and holding those responsible to account. The media can also help to raise awareness of the problem of corruption and promote solutions.
What is the role of citizens in fighting corruption?
Citizens can play a vital role in fighting corruption by reporting it, demanding accountability, and supporting anti-corruption efforts. Citizens can also help to create a culture of integrity and accountability by speaking out against corruption and refusing to participate in it.
What is the role of the private sector in fighting corruption?
The private sector can play a vital role in fighting corruption by adopting anti-corruption policies and practices, and by supporting anti-corruption efforts. The private sector can also help to create a culture of integrity and accountability by refusing to engage in corrupt practices.
What is the role of the international community in fighting corruption?
The international community can play a vital role in fighting corruption by providing technical assistance, supporting anti-corruption efforts, and cooperating to combat corruption. The international community can also help to create a culture of integrity and accountability by promoting anti-corruption standards and practices.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a type of corruption?
(A) Bribery
(B) Embezzlement
(C) Extortion
(D) Corruption Prevention Act 1988
Answer
(D)
Question 2
Which of the following is not a way to prevent corruption?
(A) Transparency
(B) Accountability
(C) Rule of Law
(D) Corruption Prevention Act 1988
Answer
(D)
Question 3
Which of the following is not a consequence of corruption?
(A) Economic damage
(B) Social unrest
(C) Political instability
(D) Corruption Prevention Act 1988
Answer
(D)
Question 4
Which of the following is not a sign of corruption?
(A) Nepotism
(B) Cronyism
(C) Favoritism
(D) Corruption Prevention Act 1988
Answer
(D)
Question 5
Which of the following is not a way to fight corruption?
(A) Education
(B) Awareness
(C) Enforcement
(D) Corruption Prevention Act 1988
Answer
(D)