Control And Coordination:Plants and animals
All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the Environment around them. The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli such as Light, heat, cold, Sound, smell, touch etc.
Coordination in plants
Coordination refers to ordered working of different but interrelated parts to perform one or more activities smoothly. Since the nervous system doesn’t exist in plants, they use a chemical system. Plants coordinate their behavior against environmental changes with the help of HORMONES. Plants have various hormones that help them to coordinate Growth and response to the environment. These are the chemical compounds which are released by stimulated cells. Hormones are diffused around the cell.
Different types of hormones present in plants are:
- Auxins
- Gibberellins
- Cytokinins
- Abscisic acid
Auxin is synthesized at the tip of the stem and help in plant growth by elongating the cell.
Gibberellin is concerned with the growth of the stem, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins are present in the areas of cell division as in fruits and seeds. Also helps in opening of the stomata. Abscisic acid inhibits the growth of many parts and responsible for the closure of stomata.
The hormones in plants known as Phytohormones coordinate their behavior by affecting their growth. The growth movements in plants are either directional or nondirectional.
Directional Movements
Directional changes are called tropic movements. Tropic movements are the one which occurs in the direction of the stimulus. Positive phototropism is responding by bending towards the sunlight which can be seen in shoots. Negative geotropism is growing away from the ground which is also shown by shoots. Roots exhibit negative photo tropism by bending away from the light and show positive geotropism by growing towards the ground. Chemotropism is a movement of growth in plants in response to the chemical stimulus like the growth of pollen tubes towards ovules.
Non- Directional Movements
Non-directional movements are called nastic response and concerned to movements of plant parts. Nastic movements are independent of growth, and plant cells have to change their shape for this movement to occur. These changes take place in the opposite direction to the stimulus.
Control and coordination in animals
Nervous system and the hormonal system are two important aspects of control and coordination in animals.
The nervous system
Neurons form the basis of the functional as well as the structural unit of the nervous system. The main job of these neurons is to receive the external stimuli and then send it to the brain, so that the brain in turn can read those signals and direct them to the necessary parts of the body to take proper action. For example, when you touch something really hot, then the neurons will transmit this message to the brain that you are touching something really hot and the brain will then send a message back to the hands through the neurons, due to which you will immediately move your hand from there. This transfer of messages takes place through electrical impulses which move throughout the body through nerve fibres.
Take a look at the structure of a neuron. See the dendrites? These are nerve ending tips that are specialised for receiving the outside stimuli and is present in our sense organs. The moment these dendrites receive a stimuli a Chemical Reaction gets sparked off due to which electrical impulses are generated which in turn moves from the dendrite to the nucleus then to the axon and then finally to the nerve endings. There is a gap present in between two nerve cells which is known as synapse. From the nerve endings of one neurone, the synapse takes in the message and then transmits it to the consecutive neuron and thus through a chain action, these electrical impulses are carried from one part of the body to another to reach the brain.
The hormone system
All the actions of coordination and control cannot be performed by the nervous system alone. This is because the electrical impulses which are used by the nervous system for transmitting information cannot be accessed by all the cells, especially the ones which are not connected to the nerve tissue. And on top of that cells need some time to generate impulses and carry them from one place to another. This is why the endocrine gland of our body, secretes hormones which get mixed into our bloodstream and can reach all the target cells. Hormones perform the function of chemical messengers.
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Control and Coordination in Plants and Animals
Control and coordination are essential for the survival of all living things. They allow organisms to respond to changes in their environment and to regulate their internal environment.
In plants, control and coordination are achieved through a system of hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in one part of the plant and transported to another part, where they trigger a specific response. For example, the hormone auxin promotes cell elongation, which is necessary for the growth of the plant.
Animals have a more complex system of control and coordination than plants. This system is made up of the nervous system and the Endocrine System. The nervous system is responsible for rapid responses to changes in the environment, while the endocrine system is responsible for slower, longer-term responses.
The nervous system is made up of a Network of cells called neurons. Neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals. When a neuron receives a signal from another neuron, it fires an electrical impulse that travels down its axon. The axon is a long, thin fiber that extends from the cell body of the neuron. The electrical impulse travels down the axon and reaches the end of the neuron, where it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters diffuse across the space between the neuron and the next neuron, where they bind to receptors on the surface of the next neuron. This binding causes the next neuron to fire an electrical impulse, and the process continues.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported through the bloodstream to target cells. When a hormone binds to a receptor on a target cell, it triggers a specific response in the cell. For example, the hormone insulin is produced by the pancreas. Insulin helps cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream. This is important for regulating blood sugar levels.
Reflexes are involuntary responses to stimuli. They are mediated by the spinal cord and do not require conscious thought. For example, when you touch a hot stove, you will automatically jerk your hand away. This is a reflex that protects you from injury.
Instincts are inherited behaviors that are not learned. They are essential for survival and are common in animals. For example, birds have an instinct to build nests and care for their young.
Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or skills. It is a lifelong process that occurs through experience. There are two main types of learning: associative learning and non-associative learning. Associative learning occurs when two events are paired together. For example, if you are bitten by a dog, you may learn to associate dogs with pain. This will make you less likely to approach dogs in the future. Non-associative learning occurs when an organism responds to a change in its environment. For example, if you are in a hot room, you may learn to sweat in order to cool down.
Memory is the ability to store and recall information. There are two main types of memory: short-term memory and long-term memory. Short-term memory is limited in capacity and duration. Long-term memory is unlimited in capacity and duration.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. It is essential for the survival of all living things. Homeostasis is achieved through a variety of mechanisms, including the regulation of body temperature, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure.
Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that occur on a 24-hour cycle. They are controlled by the body’s internal clock, which is located in the hypothalamus. Circadian rhythms regulate a variety of physiological processes, including sleep-wake cycles, hormone production, and body temperature.
Sleep is a state of rest that allows the body to repair and rejuvenate itself. It is essential for physical and mental Health. Sleep is divided into two stages: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. NREM sleep is further divided into three stages. Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep. Stage 2 is a deeper stage of sleep. Stage 3 is the deepest stage of sleep. REM sleep is the stage of sleep when dreams occur.
Control and coordination are essential for the survival of all living things. They allow organisms to respond to changes in their environment and to regulate their internal environment.
Control and coordination in plants
- What is control and coordination in plants?
Control and coordination in plants is the process by which plants regulate their growth, development, and responses to the environment. This is done through a complex system of hormones, which are chemical messengers that travel throughout the plant and regulate its activities.
- What are the different types of hormones in plants?
There are many different types of hormones in plants, but some of the most important ones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Auxins promote cell elongation and growth, gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination, cytokinins promote cell division and differentiation, ethylene promotes fruit ripening and abscission, and abscisic acid inhibits growth and development.
- How do hormones work?
Hormones work by binding to receptors on plant cells. When a hormone binds to its receptor, it triggers a series of events inside the cell that ultimately lead to the desired response. For example, when auxin binds to its receptor, it causes the cell to elongate.
- What are some examples of how plants control and coordinate their growth and development?
Plants control and coordinate their growth and development in a variety of ways. For example, they use hormones to regulate the length of their stems, the number of leaves they produce, and the time of year they flower. They also use hormones to respond to environmental cues, such as changes in light, temperature, and water availability.
- What are some examples of how plants respond to the environment?
Plants respond to the environment in a variety of ways. For example, they can close their stomata (small pores on the surface of their leaves) in response to drought, or they can produce flowers in response to changes in day length. They can also use hormones to regulate their growth and development in response to environmental cues.
Control and coordination in animals
- What is control and coordination in animals?
Control and coordination in animals is the process by which animals regulate their behavior and physiological processes. This is done through a complex system of nervous and endocrine systems.
- What are the different parts of the nervous system?
The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS consists of all the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
- What are the different parts of the endocrine system?
The endocrine system is a collection of glands that produce hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and regulate a variety of physiological processes, such as growth, development, Metabolism, and Reproduction.
- How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together?
The nervous and endocrine systems work together to control and coordinate all aspects of an animal’s life. The nervous system is responsible for rapid, short-term responses to the environment, while the endocrine system is responsible for slower, longer-term responses.
- What are some examples of how animals control and coordinate their behavior?
Animals control and coordinate their behavior in a variety of ways. For example, they can use their senses to detect changes in their environment and then use their nervous system to make decisions about how to respond. They can also use hormones to regulate their behavior, such as when a female animal goes into heat.
- What are some examples of how animals control and coordinate their physiological processes?
Animals control and coordinate their physiological processes in a variety of ways. For example, they can use their nervous system to control their heart rate and breathing rate. They can also use hormones to regulate their metabolism, such as when a hibernating animal slows down its metabolism to conserve energy.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a type of control system in plants?
(A) Hormonal control
(B) Nervous control
(C) Environmental control
(D) Photosynthetic control
Answer
(B) Nervous control
Nervous control is a type of control system found in animals, not plants.
Question 2
Which of the following is not a type of plant hormone?
(A) Auxin
(B) Gibberellin
(C) Cytokinin
(D) Insulin
Answer
(D) Insulin
Insulin is a hormone found in animals, not plants.
Question 3
Which of the following is not a function of plant hormones?
(A) Regulate growth
(B) Regulate development
(C) Regulate reproduction
(D) Regulate metabolism
Answer
(D) Regulate metabolism
Metabolism is regulated by ENZYMES, not plant hormones.
Question 4
Which of the following is not a type of animal nervous system?
(A) Central nervous system
(B) Peripheral nervous system
(C) Somatic nervous system
(D) Endocrine nervous system
Answer
(D) Endocrine nervous system
The endocrine nervous system is not a type of animal nervous system. It is a system of glands that produce hormones.
Question 5
Which of the following is not a function of the animal nervous system?
(A) Control movement
(B) Control perception
(C) Control thought
(D) Control digestion
Answer
(D) Control digestion
Digestion is controlled by the Digestive System, not the nervous system.
Question 6
Which of the following is not a type of animal sense organ?
(A) Eye
(B) Ear
(C) Nose
(D) Pancreas
Answer
(D) Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. It is not a sense organ.
Question 7
Which of the following is not a function of an animal sense organ?
(A) Detect stimuli
(B) Convert stimuli into nerve signals
(C) Send nerve signals to the brain
(D) Interpret nerve signals
Answer
(D) Interpret nerve signals
The brain interprets nerve signals. Sense organs detect stimuli, convert stimuli into nerve signals, and send nerve signals to the brain.
Question 8
Which of the following is not a type of animal muscle?
(A) Skeletal muscle
(B) Smooth muscle
(C) Cardiac muscle
(D) Epithelial muscle
Answer
(D) Epithelial muscle
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that lines the surfaces of the body. It is not a type of muscle.
Question 9
Which of the following is not a function of animal muscle?
(A) Contract
(B) Relax
(C) Produce movement
(D) Transport nutrients
Answer
(D) Transport nutrients
Muscles contract and relax to produce movement. They do not transport nutrients.
Question 10
Which of the following is not a type of animal tissue?
(A) Epithelial tissue
(B) Connective tissue
(C) Muscle tissue
(D) Nervous tissue
Answer
(A) Epithelial tissue
Epithelial tissue is a type of tissue that lines the surfaces of the body. It is not a type of animal tissue.