Control And Coordination

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:Plants and animals

All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the Environment around them. The changes in the environment to which the organisms respond and react are called stimuli such as Light, heat, cold, Sound, smell, touch etc.

Coordination in plants

Coordination refers to ordered working of different but interrelated parts to perform one or more activities smoothly. Since the nervous system doesn’t exist in plants, they use a chemical system. Plants coordinate their behavior against environmental changes with the help of HORMONES. Plants have various hormones that help them to coordinate Growth and response to the environment. These are the chemical compounds which are released by stimulated cells. Hormones are diffused around the cell.

Different types of hormones present in plants are:

Auxins
Gibberellins
Cytokinins
Abscisic acid

Auxin is synthesized at the tip of the stem and help in plant growth by elongating the cell.

Gibberellin is concerned with the growth of the stem, seed germination, and flowering. Cytokinins are present in the areas of cell division as in fruits and seeds. Also helps in opening of the stomata. Abscisic acid inhibits the growth of many parts and responsible for the closure of stomata.

The hormones in plants known as Phytohormones coordinate their behavior by affecting their growth. The growth movements in plants are either directional or nondirectional.

Directional Movements

Directional changes are called tropic movements. Tropic movements are the one which occurs in the direction of the stimulus. Positive phototropism is responding by bending towards the sunlight which can be seen in shoots. Negative geotropism is growing away from the ground which is also shown by shoots. Roots exhibit negative photo tropism by bending away from the light and show positive geotropism by growing towards the ground. Chemotropism is a movement of growth in plants in response to the chemical stimulus like the growth of pollen tubes towards ovules.

Non- Directional Movements

Non-directional movements are called nastic response and concerned to movements of plant parts. Nastic movements are independent of growth, and plant cells have to change their shape for this movement to occur. These changes take place in the opposite direction to the stimulus.

in animals

Nervous system and the hormonal system are two important aspects of control and coordination in animals.

The nervous system

Neurons form the basis of the functional as well as the structural unit of the nervous system. The main job of these neurons is to receive the external stimuli and then send it to the brain, so that the brain in turn can read those signals and direct them to the necessary parts of the body to take proper action. For example, when you touch something really hot, then the neurons will transmit this message to the brain that you are touching something really hot and the brain will then send a message back to the hands through the neurons, due to which you will immediately move your hand from there. This transfer of messages takes place through electrical impulses which move throughout the body through nerve fibres.

Take a look at the structure of a neuron. See the dendrites? These are nerve ending tips that are specialised for receiving the outside stimuli and is present in our sense organs. The moment these dendrites receive a stimuli a Chemical Reaction gets sparked off due to which electrical impulses are generated which in turn moves from the dendrite to the nucleus then to the axon and then finally to the nerve endings. There is a gap present in between two nerve cells which is known as synapse. From the nerve endings of one neurone, the synapse takes in the message and then transmits it to the consecutive neuron and thus through a chain action, these electrical impulses are carried from one part of the body to another to reach the brain.

The hormone system

All the actions of coordination and control cannot be performed by the nervous system alone. This is because the electrical impulses which are used by the nervous system for transmitting information cannot be accessed by all the cells, especially the ones which are not connected to the nerve tissue. And on top of that cells need some time to generate impulses and carry them from one place to another. This is why the endocrine gland of our body, secretes hormones which get mixed into our bloodstream and can reach all the target cells. Hormones perform the function of chemical messengers.

Control and coordination are essential for life. Without them, our bodies would be unable to function properly. The nervous system is responsible for control and coordination, and it does this by sending signals throughout the body.

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, and it is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, processing information, and regulating body functions. The PNS consists of all the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body, and it is responsible for carrying out the instructions of the CNS.

The nervous system is made up of billions of cells called neurons. Neurons are specialized cells that communicate with each other using electrical and chemical signals. When a neuron is stimulated, it sends an electrical signal down its axon, which is a long, thin fiber. The electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, where it triggers the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters travel across the synapse, which is the space between two neurons, and bind to receptors on the next neuron. This binding causes the next neuron to fire an electrical signal, and the process repeats.

The nervous system is a complex and amazing system that allows us to control our bodies and interact with the world around us. It is responsible for everything from our thoughts and emotions to our movements and reflexes. Without the nervous system, we would not be able to function as human beings.

Here are some specific examples of how the nervous system controls and coordinates our bodies:

Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system. When we want to move our arms or legs, the brain sends a signal to the skeletal muscles, which then contract and cause the movement.
Smooth muscles are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of our organs, such as the stomach and intestines. The autonomic nervous system controls the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, which allows our organs to function properly.
Cardiac muscles are also controlled by the autonomic nervous system. The heart is a muscle that pumps blood throughout the body. The autonomic nervous system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.
Nerve impulses are electrical signals that travel along neurons. These signals carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
Synaptic transmission is the process by which neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to receptors on another neuron. This process allows neurons to communicate with each other.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released from neurons and bind to receptors on other neurons. Neurotransmitters play a role in many different functions of the nervous system, including movement, emotion, and Learning.
Reflexes are involuntary movements that are controlled by the spinal cord. Reflexes are important for protecting us from harm. For example, when you touch a hot stove, your hand will jerk away automatically. This is a reflex that helps to protect you from getting burned.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment. The body uses a variety of mechanisms to maintain homeostasis, such as regulating body temperature, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure.
Circadian rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that regulates many of the body’s functions. The circadian rhythm is controlled by the hypothalamus, which is a part of the brain.
Body temperature regulation is the process by which the body maintains a constant internal temperature. The body uses a variety of mechanisms to regulate body temperature, such as sweating and shivering.
Blood sugar regulation is the process by which the body maintains a constant level of blood sugar. The body uses a variety of mechanisms to regulate blood sugar, such as insulin and glucagon.
Blood pressure regulation is the process by which the body maintains a constant blood pressure. The body uses a variety of mechanisms to regulate blood pressure, such as the heart and the blood vessels.
Eating and drinking behavior is controlled by the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that controls many of the body’s basic functions, including eating and drinking.
Sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is a part of the hypothalamus. The SCN is responsible for regulating the body’s circadian rhythm.
Sexual behavior is controlled by a variety of factors, including hormones, the brain, and the genitals.
Stress response is the body’s reaction to a stressful event. The stress response is controlled by the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal glands.
Learning and memory are complex processes that are controlled by the brain. Learning is the acquisition of new knowledge or skills. Memory is the ability to store and recall information.
Attention and consciousness

What is the difference between control and coordination?

Control is the process of ensuring that a system or process operates as intended. Coordination is the process of ensuring that the activities of different parts of a system or process are properly aligned.

What are the different types of control?

There are many different types of control, but some of the most common include:

Feedback control: This type of control uses feedback from the system to adjust the system’s behavior.
Feedforward control: This type of control uses information about the future to adjust the system’s behavior.
Open-loop control: This type of control does not use feedback from the system.
Closed-loop control: This type of control uses feedback from the system.

What are the different types of coordination?

There are many different types of coordination, but some of the most common include:

Hierarchy: This type of coordination is based on a hierarchy of authority.
Market: This type of coordination is based on the interaction of buyers and sellers in a market.
Network: This type of coordination is based on the interaction of nodes in a network.

What are the benefits of control?

The benefits of control include:

Efficiency: Control can help to ensure that a system or process operates efficiently.
Effectiveness: Control can help to ensure that a system or process achieves its goals.
Safety: Control can help to ensure the safety of a system or process.

What are the benefits of coordination?

The benefits of coordination include:

Efficiency: Coordination can help to ensure that the activities of different parts of a system or process are aligned, which can lead to efficiency gains.
Effectiveness: Coordination can help to ensure that the activities of different parts of a system or process are aligned, which can lead to effectiveness gains.
Flexibility: Coordination can help to ensure that the system or process is able to adapt to changes in the environment.

What are the challenges of control?

The challenges of control include:

Complexity: Control can be difficult to implement in complex systems.
Cost: Control can be expensive to implement.
Resistance: Control can be met with resistance from those who are being controlled.

What are the challenges of coordination?

The challenges of coordination include:

Complexity: Coordination can be difficult to implement in complex systems.
Cost: Coordination can be expensive to implement.
Conflict: Coordination can lead to conflict between different parts of a system or process.

What are some examples of control?

Some examples of control include:

A thermostat controlling the temperature of a room.
A cruise control system controlling the speed of a car.
A traffic light system controlling the flow of traffic.

What are some examples of coordination?

Some examples of coordination include:

A team of workers coordinating their efforts to build a house.
A group of musicians coordinating their efforts to play a piece of music.
A company coordinating its efforts to launch a new product.

Question 1

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

(A) Control and coordination of the body
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Production of hormones
(D) Detection of stimuli

Answer

(C)

The nervous system is responsible for controlling and coordinating the body, regulating body temperature, and detecting stimuli. It does not produce hormones.

Question 2

The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Which of the following is not a part of the CNS?

(A) Brain
(B) Spinal cord
(C) Cerebellum
(D) Peripheral nerves

Answer

(D)

The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is made up of the peripheral nerves.

Question 3

The brain is divided into three main parts: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?

(A) Control of voluntary movement
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Thought and emotion
(D) Processing of sensory information

Answer

(B)

The cerebrum is responsible for control of voluntary movement, thought and emotion, and processing of sensory information. It does not regulate body temperature.

Question 4

The cerebellum is responsible for which of the following?

(A) Control of voluntary movement
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Thought and emotion
(D) Processing of sensory information

Answer

(A)

The cerebellum is responsible for control of voluntary movement.

Question 5

The brainstem is responsible for which of the following?

(A) Control of voluntary movement
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Thought and emotion
(D) Control of involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate

Answer

(D)

The brainstem is responsible for control of involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Question 6

The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. Which of the following is not a part of the somatic nervous system?

(A) Cranial nerves
(B) Spinal nerves
(C) Sympathetic nervous system
(D) Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer

(C)

The somatic nervous system is made up of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves. The autonomic nervous system is made up of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Question 7

The somatic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?

(A) Control of voluntary movement
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Thought and emotion
(D) Control of involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate

Answer

(A)

The somatic nervous system is responsible for control of voluntary movement.

Question 8

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?

(A) Control of voluntary movement
(B) Regulation of body temperature
(C) Thought and emotion
(D) Control of involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate

Answer

(D)

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for control of involuntary functions such as breathing and heart rate.

Question 9

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?

(A) The “fight or flight” response
(B) The “rest and digest” response
(C) Sexual arousal
(D) Digestion

Answer

(A)

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response.

Question 10

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for which of the following?

(A) The “fight or flight” response
(B) The “rest and digest” response
(C) Sexual arousal
(D) Digestion

Answer

(B)

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the “rest and digest” response.