Contribution of Indians in science and technology

This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of ancient and modern India, including both the ancient and medieval nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. It draws from the whole cultural and technological history of India, during which architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology and mineralogy were among the branches of study pursued by its scholars. During recent times science and technology in the Republic of India has also focused on automobile engineering, information technology, communications as well as research into space and polar technology.

Construction, Civil engineering and Architecture

Iron pillar of Delhi:The world’s first iron pillar was the Iron pillar of Delhi—erected at the time of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–413). The pillar has attracted attention of archaeologists and materials scientists and has been called “a testament to the skill of ancient Indian blacksmiths” because of its high resistance to corrosion.

Stepwell: Earliest clear evidence of the origins of the stepwell is found in the Indus Valley Civilization‘s archaeological site at Mohenjodaro in Pakistan and Dholavira in India. The three features of stepwells in the subcontinent are evident from one particular site, abandoned by 2500 BCE, which combines a bathing pool, steps leading down to water, and figures of some religious importance into one structure.The early centuries immediately before the common era saw the Buddhists and the Jains of India adapt the stepwells into their architecture. Both the wells and the form of ritual bathing reached other parts of the world with Buddhism-2/”>Buddhism. Rock-cut step wells in the subcontinent date from 200 to 400 CE. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) were constructed.

Stupa: The origin of the stupa can be traced to 3rd-century BCE India. It was used as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics. The stupa architecture was adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it evolved into the pagoda, a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.

Metrology

Rulers made from Ivory were in use by the Indus Valley Civilization in what today is Pakistan and Northwestern India prior to 1500 BCE. Excavations at Lothal (2400 BCE) have yielded one such ruler calibrated to about 1/16 of an inch—less than 2 millimeters. Ian Whitelaw (2007) holds that ‘The Mohenjodaro ruler is divided into units corresponding to 1.32 inches (33.5 mm) and these are marked out in decimal subdivisions with amazing accuracy—to within 0.005 of an inch. They correspond closely with the “hasta” increments of 1 3/8 inches traditionally used in South India in ancient architecture. Ancient bricks found throughout the region have dimensions that correspond to these units.’ Shigeo Iwata (2008) further writes ‘The minimum division of graduation found in the segment of an ivory-made linear measure excavated in Lothal was 1.79 mm (that corresponds to 1/940 of a fathom), while that of the fragment of a shell-made one from Mohenjodaro was 6.72 mm (1/250 of a fathom), and that of bronze-made one from Harappa was 9.33 mm (1/180 of a fathom).’ The weights and measures of the Indus civilization also reached Persia and Central Asia, where they were further modified.

Computers and programming languages

J Sharp: Visual J# (pronounced “jay-sharp”) programming language was a transitional language for programmers of Java and Visual J++ languages, so they could use their existing knowledge and applications on .NET Framework. It was developed by the Hyderabad-based Microsoft India Development Center at HITEC City in India.

Kojo: Kojo is a programming language and integrated development Environment (IDE) for computer programming and Learning. Kojo is an open-source Software. It was created, and is actively developed, by Lalit Pant, a computer programmer and teacher living in Dehradun, India.

Technology

Plough: The earliest known instance of a ploughed field was found at Kalibangan Carbon pigment: The source of the carbon pigment used in India ink was India. In India, the carbon black from which India ink is produced is obtained by burning bones, tar, pitch, and other substances. Ink itself has been used in India since at least the 4th century BCE. Masi, an early ink in India was an admixture of several chemical components. Indian documents written in Kharosthi with ink have been unearthed in Xinjiang. The practice of writing with ink and a sharp pointed needle was common in ancient South India. Several Jain sutras in India were compiled in ink.

Iron and mercury coherer: In 1899, the Bengali physicist Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose announced the development of an “iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector” in a paper presented at the Royal Society, London. He also later received U.S. Patent 755,840, “Detector for electrical disturbances” (1904), for a specific electromagnetic receiver.

Microwave Communication: The first public demonstration of microwave transmission was made by Jagadish Chandra Bose, in Calcutta, in 1895, two years before a similar demonstration by Marconi in England, and just a year after Oliver Lodge’s commemorative lecture on Radio communication, following Hertz’s death. Bose’s revolutionary demonstration forms the foundation of the technology used in mobile telephony, radars, satellite communication, radios, television broadcast, WiFi, remote controls and countless other applications.

Mysorean rockets: The first iron-cased and Metal-cylinder rockets were developed by Tipu Sultan, ruler of the South Indian Kingdom of Mysore, and his father Haither Ali, in the 1780s. He successfully used these iron-cased rockets against the larger forces of the British East India Company during the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The Mysore Rockets of this period were much more advanced than what the British had seen, chiefly because of the use of iron tubes for holding the propellant; this enabled higher thrust and longer range for the missile (up to 2 km range). After Tipu’s eventual defeat in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and the capture of the Mysore iron rockets, they were influential in British rocket development, inspiring the Congreve rocket, and were soon put into use in the Napoleonic Wars.

Reversible inhibition of sperm under guidance: RISUG, formerly referred to as the synthetic polymer styrene maleic anhydride (SMA), is the development name of a male contraceptive injection developed at IIT Kharagpur in India by the team of Dr. Sujoy K Guha. Phase III clinical trials are underway in India, slowed by insufficient volunteers. It has been patented in India, China, Bangladesh, and the United States. A method based on RISUG, Vasalgel, is currently under development in the US.

Genetics

Pseudomonas putida: Indian (Bengali) inventor and microbiologist Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty created a species of man made micro organism to break down crude oil. He genetically engineered a new species of Pseudomonas bacteria (“the oil-eating bacteria”) in 1971. United States Supreme Court granted Chakrabarty’s invention patent even though it was a living species. The court ruling decreed that Chakrabarty’s discovery was “not nature’s handiwork, but his own…” The inventor Chakrabarty secured his patent in 1980.

Indians have made significant contributions to science and technology throughout history. In mathematics, Aryabhata (476-550 CE) developed the concept of zero and the decimal system, and Brahmagupta (598-668 CE) developed the Brahmagupta-Fibonacci identity. In astronomy, Aryabhata calculated the circumference of the Earth and the distance to the Moon, and Varahamihira (505-587 CE) wrote a treatise on astronomy that was used for centuries. In physics, Meghnad Saha (1893-1956) developed the Saha ionization equation, and Satyendra Nath Bose (1894-1974) developed the Bose-Einstein statistics. In chemistry, Prafulla Chandra Ray (1861-1944) developed the first synthetic dye in India, and J. C. Bose (1858-1937) discovered the piezoelectric effect. In engineering, Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861-1962) designed and built many important Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE projects in India, and Jamsetji Tata (1839-1904) founded the Tata Group, one of the largest conglomerates in India. In medicine, Sushruta (6th century BCE) wrote a treatise on surgery that was used for centuries, and Charaka (1st century CE) wrote a treatise on medicine that was also used for centuries. In agriculture, M. S. Swaminathan (born 1925) is known as the “Father of the Green Revolution” in India, and Norman Borlaug (1914-2009) is known as the “Father of the Green Revolution” worldwide. In computer science, Vijay Pande (born 1968) is a pioneer in the field of computational protein folding, and Vint Cerf (born 1943) is one of the “fathers of the Internet“. In Space Technology, Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1975) is considered the “Father of the Indian Space Programme”, and Satish Dhawan (1920-2002) was the second chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). In nuclear technology, Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966) is considered the “Father of the Indian Nuclear Programme”, and Raja Ramanna (1928-2004) was the director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). In Biotechnology, Har Gobind Khorana (1922-2011) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for his work on the genetic code, and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (born 1952) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 for his work on the structure of the ribosome. In space exploration, Rakesh Sharma (born 1949) was the first Indian to go into space, and Sunita Williams (born 1965) is the first Indian-American woman in space. Kalpana Chawla (1962-2003) was the first Indian woman in space, and she died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003.

These are just a few examples of the many Indian scientists and engineers who have made significant contributions to science and technology. Their work has had a profound impact on the world, and it continues to inspire and motivate people around the globe.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the contribution of Indians in science and technology:

What are some of the most important contributions of Indians to science and technology?

Indians have made significant contributions to science and technology in a wide range of fields, including mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and engineering. Some of the most important contributions include:

The development of the decimal system, which is used by most of the world today.
The discovery of zero, which is one of the most important concepts in mathematics.
The development of algebra, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of numbers and their properties.
The development of trigonometry, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of triangles and their properties.
The development of calculus, which is a branch of mathematics that deals with the study of change.
The development of astronomy, which is the study of the universe.
The development of medicine, which is the study of Health and disease.
The development of engineering, which is the application of science and mathematics to solve practical problems.
Who are some of the most famous Indian scientists and engineers?

Some of the most famous Indian scientists and engineers include:

Aryabhata (476-550 CE), who was an astronomer and mathematician who is considered to be the father of Indian mathematics.
Brahmagupta (598-668 CE), who was an astronomer and mathematician who is considered to be the father of algebra.
Bhaskaracharya (1114-1185 CE), who was an astronomer and mathematician who is considered to be the greatest mathematician of Medieval India.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920), who was a mathematician who is considered to be one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937), who was a physicist and botanist who is considered to be the father of modern wireless communication.
Homi Jehangir Bhabha (1909-1966), who was a physicist who is considered to be the father of the Indian nuclear program.
Vikram Sarabhai (1919-1975), who was a physicist and space scientist who is considered to be the father of the Indian space program.
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (1931-2015), who was a scientist and politician who is considered to be the father of the Indian missile program.
What are some of the challenges facing Indian scientists and engineers today?

Some of the challenges facing Indian scientists and engineers today include:

A lack of funding for research and development.
A brain drain, as many Indian scientists and engineers emigrate to other countries in search of better opportunities.
A lack of infrastructure, such as laboratories and equipment.
A lack of qualified teachers and professors.
A lack of public awareness of the importance of science and technology.

Despite these challenges, Indian scientists and engineers continue to make significant contributions to science and technology. With continued support from the government and the public, they are sure to make even greater contributions in the years to come.

Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic “Contribution of Indians in science and technology”:

Who is the father of Indian nuclear science?
(A) Homi Bhabha
(B) Vikram Sarabhai
(C) Abdul Kalam
(D) Satish Dhawan
Who is the first Indian woman to win the Nobel Prize?
(A) Mother Teresa
(B) Indira Gandhi
(C) Malala Yousafzai
(D) Rabindranath Tagore
Who is the first Indian to win the Fields Medal?
(A) Srinivasa Ramanujan
(B) Manjul Bhargava
(C) C.V. Raman
(D) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Who is the first Indian to set foot on the moon?
(A) Rakesh Sharma
(B) Kalpana Chawla
(C) Sunita Williams
(D) Vikram Sarabhai
Who is the current President of India?
(A) Ram Nath Kovind
(B) Pranab Mukherjee
(C) Pratibha Patil
(D) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Who is the current Prime Minister of India?
(A) Narendra Modi
(B) Manmohan Singh
(C) Indira Gandhi
(D) Rajiv Gandhi
What is the national animal of India?
(A) Tiger
(B) Lion
(C) Elephant
(D) Rhinoceros
What is the national bird of India?
(A) Peacock
(B) Parrot
(C) Eagle
(D) Swan
What is the national flower of India?
(A) Lotus
(B) Rose
(C) Jasmine
(D) Sunflower
What is the national language of India?
(A) Hindi
(B) English
(C) Sanskrit
(D) Tamil

I hope these MCQs are helpful!