<<–2/”>a >a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/tamil/”>Tamil Nadu State is situated at the South-eastern extremity of the Indian Peninsula, bounded on the east by the Bay of Bengal, Western Ghats on its west, Indian Ocean on its south and Nellore and Chittoor districts of Andhra Pradesh and Kolar, Bangalore and Mysore districts of Karnataka State on the northwest. It has a coastal line of 922 km and land boundary of 1200 km. It lies between 8° 5΄ and 13° 35΄ N latitude and between 76° 15΄ and 80° 20΄ E longitude. The State can be divided into two natural divisions namely, the coastal plains and hilly western areas. The Palaghat gap of Kerala about 25 km in width in the great western mountain wall is the only marked break to Tamil Nadu. The slopes of the Western Ghats are covered with heavy ever green forests, that too presently being made grey rapidly with human intervention, thus making susceptible for animal and human conflict.
The trend of drainage is from west to east into the Bay of Bengal. The river Cauvery rises from the Brahmagiri hill in Coorg district of Karnataka and passes across eastwards across the peninsula into the Bay of Bengal. The Ponnaiyar River rises from Kolar district of Karnataka runs across the State and falls into the sea north of Cuddalore. The Vaigai river from Western Ghats and passes across the State and finally falls into the Bay of Bengal, 16km east of Ramanathapuram.
The Proximity of sea influences the Climate of the eastern and southern parts of the state whereas hilly orography and inland locations play important roles in modifying the climate over rest of the State. The western portions of the State and the portions bordering with Kerala are fall under the climate type, Marine, mild winter, moist all seasons, warm summer and the remaining part of the State comes under the climate type: Tropical Savanna, Hot, seasonally dry (Aw). Out of 13 million hectares of geographical area, about 7 million hectares of land is under cultivation. The farming situation covers irrigated (55%) and rain fed / dry land (45%).Among all States of India, ground water has been harnessed fully in the State of Tamil Nadu.
Out of 15 agro-climatic zones of India as per Planning Commission of India, Tamil Nadu comes under two zones, namely Southern Plateau and Hills region (AC.10) and East Coast and Hills region (AC.11). Under National Agricultural Research Project of ICAR, with in the broad Classification of Planning Commission’s 15 agro-climatic zones (AC10&11), Tamil Nadu has been divided in to seven agro climatic sub-zones and those are North western zone.
o North eastern zone,
o western zone,
o Cauvery Delta zone,
o Southern zone,
o High rainfall zone and
o High Altitude and o Hilly zone.
Against the agro-climatic zones concept, the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur has brought Tamil Nadu under three agro-ecological zones namely, Hot semi arid eco- region with red loamy soil (AER8), Hot sub humid to semi arid eco- region with coastal alluvium derived soils (AER18) and Hot humid-per humid eco-regions with red lateritic and alluvium derived soils (AER19). Further, within these three agro-eco regions, the National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur again divided Tamil Nadu in to 16 agro-ecological sub zones. Hence planning should be made on these boundaries.
Rainfall Pattern
The State mainly receives its rainfall in three seasons, viz. South west Monsoon (SWM), North east Monsoon (NEM) and Pre monsoon season. The normal annual rainfall falling over the state is 958.4 mm is received at the State. About 48 per cent of the total annual Average rainfall is received during NEM, while about 35 per cent is received during SWM and the balance in the other seasons. Tamil Nadu receives about 51 per cent of its annual rainfall during NEM season. The coastal districts receive about 65 – 75 per cent of annual rainfall and interior districts get about 40-50 per cent in this season. The Percentage share of rainfall of different locations coastal/ inland / hilly stations for four seasons are given in the Table 4.1.From the table, it can be seen that the percentage share of rainfall during the NEM is higher in most parts of Tamil Nadu. The hilly regions in the west and hilly/ plain lands in north western half of the region only receive major share from SWM.
Temperature
In general the maximum temperature rarely exceeds 43° C and the minimum temperature rarely downs below 18° C. The mean annual temperature is 28.2°C in the plains and 15.2°C in the hills. The temperature is minimum in the month of December with 24.7°C and maximum in May with 37.3°C. Soil temperature data available for a few places indicate a range from 30.7°C to 32.3°C in the plains and around 14.4°C in the hills. On the basis of temperature the coastal plain (Aduthurai) is classified as hyper-thermic (very hot), northern part (Coimbatore) and southern part (Kovilpatty) are iso-hyperthermic (steadily very hot) and hill area (Uthagamandalam) is iso-mesic (steadily cold).
Monsoons Onset and Withdrawals
The normal onset of Southwest (SW) monsoon over Tamil Nadu is predicted to take place on 1st June with a standard deviation of 7.4 days (based on data of 1901-2011). During the last 31years (1981-2011) period, however, the normal date has advanced by a day with SD of 6 days. The earliest onset is 11th May and the late onset is 18th June. Based on the linear trend analysis, it was found that the onset is advanced by one day in every 20 years period (1901-2011). The Northeast monsoon (NE monsoon) sets in over Tamil Nadu on 20th October (based on 1901- 2000).
The earliest onset is 4th October and late onset is 11th November. In 75 per cent of years, the onset of NE monsoon took place between 13th October and 27th October. In 8 per cent of years the monsoon onset was found in November month. Northeast monsoon withdraws from Tamil Nadu on 30th December with SD of 14 days. IN 51 per cent of the years, the withdrawal is between 14th December and 4th January. IN 2 per cent of the years the withdrawal took place in November itself. IN 40 per cent of the years, the withdrawal occurred in January month.,
The climate of Tamil Nadu is tropical, with a hot and humid climate during the summer and a warm and dry climate during the winter. The average temperature in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu, ranges from 27°C (81°F) in January to 36°C (97°F) in May. The annual rainfall is about 1,000 mm (39 in), with most of the rain falling during the monsoon season from June to September.
Temperature
The temperature in Tamil Nadu varies depending on the time of year. The summer months, from March to May, are the hottest, with average temperatures ranging from 30°C to 35°C (86°F to 95°F). The winter months, from December to February, are the coolest, with average temperatures ranging from 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
Rainfall
The annual rainfall in Tamil Nadu is about 1,000 mm (39 in). Most of the rain falls during the monsoon season, which runs from June to September. The monsoon is caused by the southwest Monsoon Winds, which blow from the Indian Ocean to the land. These winds bring moisture-laden air, which results in heavy rainfall.
Humidity
The humidity in Tamil Nadu is high, especially during the summer months. The average humidity in Chennai ranges from 70% to 80% in the summer and from 50% to 60% in the winter.
Wind
The wind in Tamil Nadu is generally Light, with average wind speeds ranging from 10 to 15 km/h (6 to 9 mph). The wind is strongest during the monsoon season, when it can reach speeds of up to 30 km/h (19 mph).
Monsoon
The monsoon is a seasonal wind pattern that occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. The monsoon is caused by the difference in temperature between the land and the ocean. The land heats up faster than the ocean, which creates a low-pressure system over the land. This low-pressure system draws in moisture-laden air from the ocean, which results in heavy rainfall.
Climate change is the long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. A region might experience lower or higher than average temperatures. Climate change may cause more frequent and severe weather events, such as storms, floods and droughts.
Impact Of Climate Change on Tamil Nadu
Climate change is already having a significant impact on Tamil Nadu. The state is experiencing more frequent and severe droughts, floods and Cyclones-2/”>Cyclones. The average temperature in Tamil Nadu has increased by about 1°C (1.8°F) in the past century. This increase in temperature is causing the sea level to rise, which is inundating coastal areas. Climate change is also having a negative impact on agriculture in Tamil Nadu. The state’s farmers are struggling to cope with the changing weather patterns.
Adaptation to climate change in Tamil Nadu
The government of Tamil Nadu is taking steps to adapt to climate change. The state is investing in RENEWABLE ENERGY sources, such as solar and wind power. The government is also working to improve water management and to protect coastal areas from flooding. The government is also working to educate the public about climate change and how to adapt to its impacts.
Conclusion
Climate change is a serious threat to Tamil Nadu. The state is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, and these impacts are likely to become more severe in the future. The government of Tamil Nadu is taking steps to adapt to climate change, but more needs to be done. The public also needs to be educated about climate change and how to adapt to its impacts.
Here are some frequently asked questions about climate change:
What is climate change?
Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a place. Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable. A region might experience lower or higher than average temperatures. Climate change may cause more frequent and severe weather events, such as storms, floods and droughts.What causes climate change?
Human activities are the main cause of climate change. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas, releases greenhouse gases into the Atmosphere. Greenhouse gases trap heat from the sun, which warms the planet. Other human activities that contribute to climate change include deforestation, agriculture and industrial processes.What are the effects of climate change?
Climate change is already having a significant impact on the planet. The average global temperature has increased by about 1 degree Celsius since the late 19th century. This warming is causing sea levels to rise, Glaciers to melt and extreme weather events to become more frequent and severe. Climate change is also having a negative impact on human Health, agriculture and Ecosystems.What can we do to stop climate change?
There are many things that can be done to stop climate change. We can reduce our reliance on fossil fuels by using renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power. We can also conserve energy by making our homes and businesses more energy-efficient. We can also plant trees, which absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.What is the future of climate change?
The future of climate change depends on the actions that we take now. If we do not take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the planet will continue to warm. This will have devastating consequences for people and the planet. However, if we take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, we can avoid the worst effects of climate change.
Here are some frequently asked questions about the Environment:
What is the environment?
The environment is the natural world that surrounds us. It includes the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat and the land we live on. The environment is essential for our survival.What are the main environmental problems?
The main environmental problems are climate change, pollution, deforestation and overconsumption. Climate change is caused by the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Pollution is caused by the release of harmful substances into the air, water and land. Deforestation is the clearing of forests for other uses, such as agriculture or development. Overconsumption is the use of more Resources than the planet can sustainably provide.What can we do to protect the environment?
There are many things that we can do to protect the environment. We can reduce our carbon footprint by driving less, using less energy and eating less meat. We can also recycle and compost to reduce waste. We can also support organizations that are working to protect the environment.What is the future of the environment?
The future of the environment depends on the actions that we take now. If we do not take action to protect the environment, the planet will continue to suffer. This will have devastating consequences for people and the planet. However, if we take action to protect the environment, we can create a sustainable future for all.
Which of the following is not a type of climate?
(A) Tropical
(B) Temperate
(C) Continental
(D) PolarWhich of the following is the largest continent in the world?
(A) Asia
(B) Africa
(C) North America
(D) South AmericaWhich of the following is the longest river in the world?
(A) Nile
(B) Amazon
(C) Yangtze
(D) MississippiWhich of the following is the highest mountain in the world?
(A) Mount Everest
(B) K2
(C) Mount Kilimanjaro
(D) Mount McKinleyWhich of the following is the largest ocean in the world?
(A) Pacific Ocean
(B) Atlantic Ocean
(C) Indian Ocean
(D) Arctic OceanWhich of the following is the most populous country in the world?
(A) China
(B) India
(C) United States
(D) IndonesiaWhich of the following is the most spoken language in the world?
(A) Mandarin Chinese
(B) Spanish
(C) English
(D) HindiWhich of the following is the most visited country in the world?
(A) France
(B) Spain
(C) United States
(D) ChinaWhich of the following is the most expensive city in the world?
(A) Singapore
(B) Hong Kong
(C) Zurich
(D) GenevaWhich of the following is the most valuable company in the world?
(A) Apple
(B) Microsoft
(C) Amazon
(D) Alphabet