Civil Rebellions and Tribal Uprisings

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  • The backbone of the rebellions, their mass base and striking power came from the rack-rented peasants, ruined artisans and demobilized soldiers

    • CAUSES

    • The major cause of the civil rebellions was the rapid changes the British introduced in the economy, administration and land revenue system.
    • The revenues were enhanced by increasing taxes.
    • Thousands of zamindars and poligars lost control over their land and its revenue either due to the extinction of their rights by the colonial state or by the forced sale of their rights over land because of their inability to meet the exorbitant land revenue demanded.
    • The economic decline of the peasantry was reflected in twelve major and numerous minor famines from 1770 to 1857
    • The new courts and legal system gave a further fillip to the dispossessors of land and encouraged the rich to oppress the poor.
    • The police looted, oppressed and tortured the common people at will.
    • The ruin of Indian handicraft industries pauperized millions of artisans
    • The scholarly and priestly classes were also active in inciting hatred and rebellion against foreign rule.
    • Very foreign character of the British rule

    REBELLIONS

    • From 1763 to 1856, there were more than forty major rebellions apart from hundreds of minor ones.
    • Sanyasi Rebellion: (1763-1800)
    • Chuar uprising (1766-1772 & 1795-1816); Rangpur and Dinajpur (1783); Bishnupur and Birbhum (1799); Orissa zamindars (1804-17) and Sambalpur (1827-40) and many others

    WHY FAILED?

    • These rebellions were local in their spread and were isolated from each other.
    • They were the result of local causes and grievances, and were also localized in their effects.
    • Socially, economically and politically, the semi-feudal leaders of these rebellions were backward looking and traditional in outlook.
    • The suppression of the civil rebellions was a major reason why the Revolt of 1857 did not spread to South India and most of Eastern and Western India.

    TRIBAL  UPRISINGS: CAUSES

    • The colonial administrators ended their relative isolation and brought them fully within the ambit of colonialism.
    • Introduced new system of land revenue and Taxation of tribal products
    • Influx of Christian missionaries into the tribal areas
    • They could no longer practice shifting agriculture
    • Oppression and extortion by police officials
    • The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities provided the common factor for all the tribal uprisings

    UPRISINGS

    • Santhals
    • Kols of Chhotanagpur (1820-37)
    • Birsa Munda (1899-1900)

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    Civil rebellions and tribal uprisings have been a part of human history for centuries. They can be caused by a variety of factors, including political instability, economic hardship, ethnic or religious conflict, and social injustice.

    Some of the most well-known civil rebellions and tribal uprisings include the American Civil War, the Arab Spring, the Armenian Genocide, the Assyrian Genocide, the Boxer Rebellion, the Cambodian Civil War, the Chinese Civil War, the Congo Crisis, the Croatian War of Independence, the Darfur conflict, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the Indonesian Revolution, the Irish War of Independence, the Italian Wars of Independence, the Japanese Civil War, the Korean War, the Lebanese Civil War, the Libyan Civil War, the Mexican Revolution, the Nicaraguan Revolution, the Nigerian Civil War, the Russian Civil War, the Rwandan genocide, the Syrian Civil War, the Sudanese Civil War, the Taiping Rebellion, the Tibetan uprising of 1959, the Turkish War of Independence, the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917, the Ukrainian Revolution of 2014, the Uyghur genocide, and the Vietnam War.

    The American Civil War was a civil war in the United States from 1861 to 1865, fought between northern states loyal to the Union and Southern states that had seceded to form the Confederate States of America. The civil war began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina just over a month after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the president of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states’ rights to uphold slavery.

    The war effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House. Confederate generals throughout the Confederate army followed suit. The conclusion of the American Civil War lacks a clean end date: land forces continued surrendering until June 23.

    By the end of the war, much of the South’s Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished leaving four million black slaves free, and the process of restoring the Union was underway during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877). The war had a significant impact on the identity of the United States by leading to freedom for African Americans in the Reconstruction Era, and by helping to create a more unified national identity.

    The Arab Spring was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the Arab world in the early 2010s. The protests began in Tunisia in December 2010 and quickly spread to other countries, including Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Syria, and Bahrain. The protests were largely successful in toppling authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya. However, the uprisings in Syria and Yemen led to civil wars that are still ongoing.

    The Armenian Genocide was the systematic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The genocide resulted in the deaths of an estimated 1.5 million Armenians. The Armenian Genocide was the first genocide of the 20th century.

    The Assyrian Genocide was the mass killing of Assyrians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I. The genocide resulted in the deaths of an estimated 750,000 Assyrians. The Assyrian Genocide was the first genocide of the 20th century.

    The Boxer Rebellion was a Chinese uprising against foreign imperialism and Christianity in China. The rebellion was led by the Yihetuan, a secret Society also known as the Boxers. The Boxer Rebellion lasted from 1899 to 1901 and resulted in the deaths of an estimated 200,000 people.

    The Cambodian Civil War was a civil war in Cambodia from 1967 to 1975. The war was fought between the Communist Khmer Rouge and the government of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge won the war and established a brutal regime that killed an estimated 1.7 million people.

    The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China from 1927 to 1949. The war was fought between the Communist Party of China and the Kuomintang. The Communist Party of China won the war and established the People’s Republic of China.

    The Congo Crisis was a period of political and social unrest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1965. The crisis began with the independence of the Congo

    What is a civil rebellion?

    A civil rebellion is an armed uprising against the government of a country. It is often caused by political or economic grievances, and can lead to significant violence and instability.

    What are the causes of civil rebellions?

    There are many factors that can contribute to the outbreak of a civil rebellion, including:

    • Political grievances: People may rebel against the government if they feel that it is not representing their interests or is corrupt.
    • Economic grievances: People may rebel if they are poor or if they feel that the government is not doing enough to help them.
    • Social grievances: People may rebel if they feel that they are being discriminated against or that they are not being treated fairly by the government.
    • Religious grievances: People may rebel if they feel that their religion is being persecuted or that the government is not respecting their religious beliefs.
    • Ethnic grievances: People may rebel if they feel that their ethnic group is being discriminated against or that the government is not respecting their ethnic identity.

    What are the consequences of civil rebellions?

    Civil rebellions can have a number of negative consequences, including:

    • Violence: Civil rebellions can lead to significant violence, including death, injury, and property damage.
    • Instability: Civil rebellions can destabilize a country and lead to political and economic instability.
    • Refugees: Civil rebellions can cause people to flee their homes, becoming refugees in other countries.
    • Humanitarian crisis: Civil rebellions can lead to humanitarian crises, such as famine, disease, and widespread suffering.

    What are the ways to prevent civil rebellions?

    There are a number of ways to prevent civil rebellions, including:

    • Addressing political grievances: Governments should address the political grievances of their citizens, such as by providing them with a voice in government and by ensuring that they are treated fairly.
    • Addressing economic grievances: Governments should address the economic grievances of their citizens, such as by providing them with jobs and by ensuring that they have access to basic necessities.
    • Addressing social grievances: Governments should address the social grievances of their citizens, such as by combating discrimination and by promoting Equality.
    • Addressing religious grievances: Governments should address the religious grievances of their citizens, such as by respecting religious freedom and by ensuring that religious minorities are not persecuted.
    • Addressing ethnic grievances: Governments should address the ethnic grievances of their citizens, such as by promoting ethnic equality and by ensuring that ethnic minorities are not discriminated against.

    What are the ways to resolve civil rebellions?

    There are a number of ways to resolve civil rebellions, including:

    • Negotiation: Governments can negotiate with rebel groups to try to reach a peaceful settlement.
    • Mediation: A third party, such as the United Nations, can mediate between the government and the rebel groups.
    • Peacekeeping: Peacekeeping forces can be deployed to a country to help to maintain order and to protect civilians.
    • Military intervention: The government or another country can intervene militarily to defeat the rebel groups.

    1. The American Civil War was fought between which two groups?
      (A) The United States and the Confederate States of America
      (B) The United States and Mexico
      (C) The United States and Great Britain
      (D) The United States and France

    2. The American Civil War was fought over which issue?
      (A) Slavery
      (B) States’ rights
      (C) Tariffs
      (D) The expansion of the United States

    3. The American Civil War ended with which event?
      (A) The surrender of the Confederate Army at Appomattox Court House
      (B) The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
      (C) The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
      (D) The end of the Reconstruction Era

    4. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a series of two revolutions that took place in Russia in 1917. The first revolution, which occurred in February, overthrew the imperial government and established a provisional government. The second revolution, which occurred in October, overthrew the provisional government and established a communist government led by the Bolshevik Party.

    5. The Chinese Civil War was a civil war in China fought between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC) from 1927 to 1949. The KMT, led by Chiang Kai-shek, was the ruling party of China at the time. The CPC, led by Mao Zedong, was a revolutionary party that sought to overthrow the KMT and establish a communist government in China.

    6. The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny, was a major uprising against British rule in India. The rebellion began on May 10, 1857, when Indian soldiers of the East India Company’s Bengal Army mutinied at Meerut. The rebellion quickly spread to other parts of India, and by June 1857, it had become a full-scale war.

    7. The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla war fought between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the British government from 1919 to 1921. The war was fought over the issue of Irish independence from the United Kingdom. The IRA was a nationalist organization that sought to establish an independent Irish republic. The British government was opposed to Irish independence, and the war was fought to a stalemate.

    8. The Algerian War was a war fought between France and Algeria from 1954 to 1962. The war was fought over the issue of Algerian independence from France. The Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) was a nationalist organization that sought to establish an independent Algeria. The French government was opposed to Algerian independence, and the war was fought to a stalemate.

    9. The Vietnam War was a war fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam from 1954 to 1975. The war was fought over the issue of Vietnamese reunification. The North Vietnamese government was a communist government that sought to unify Vietnam under communist rule. The South Vietnamese government was a capitalist government that was supported by the United States. The war was fought to a stalemate, and the North Vietnamese government eventually prevailed.

    10. The Rwandan Genocide was a genocide that occurred in Rwanda in 1994. The genocide was carried out by Hutu extremists against Tutsi and moderate Hutu. The genocide resulted in the deaths of an estimated 800,000 people.

    11. The Bosnian War was a war fought in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995. The war was fought over the issue of Bosnian independence from Yugoslavia. The Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats, and Bosnian Muslims were the three main ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The war was fought to a stalemate, and the Dayton Peace Agreement was signed in 1995.

    12. The Kosovo War was a war fought in Kosovo from 1998 to 1999. The war was fought over the issue of Kosovo’s independence from Serbia. The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) was a nationalist organization that sought to establish an independent Kosovo. The Serbian government was opposed to Kosovo’s independence, and the war was fought to a stalemate. The NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999 eventually led to the withdrawal of Serbian forces from Kosovo and the establishment of a United Nations protectorate in Kosovo.

    13. The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing civil war in Syria that began in 2011. The war is fought between the Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad, and a number of rebel groups. The war has resulted in the deaths of an estimated 500,000 people and the displacement of millions more