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Migration has been significantly reshaping the traditional social and economic structures of rural communities of Chattishgarh. The livelihood activities of rural families are no longer confined to farming and are increasingly being diversified through rural-to-urban migration. With the development of trade and Industry and the awareness produced by the mass media, rural poor are shifting towards the urban areas in order to improve their living standards and to search for better livelihood opportunities. The lack of EMPLOYMENT opportunities in the rural areas and better employment prospects and Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE facilities in the urban areas motivate people to migrate to urban areas. In the rural areas, sluggish agricultural Growth and limited development of the rural non-farm sector raises the incidence of rural POVERTY, Unemployment and underemployment. Given the fact that most of the high productivity activities are located in the urban areas – people from rural areas move towards town or cities with a hope to grab diversified livelihood opportunities as the rural poor still consider migration as one of the significant as well as reliable livelihood coping strategy.
Earlier Human Migration from present Chhattisgarh had reportedly occurred in the late 19th Century. Much later, drought years during the 1960s had triggered wide-spread migration. However, in the recent years migration has become more of a norm than exception, accentuated by misguided development policies that force the poor to migrate in search of improved livelihoods. Within districts of the state, Women migrants outnumber men. This not only indicates the role of women in securing livelihoods for the household but reflects an overall inadequacy of welfare schemes of the state to reach out to the poor. Given the diversity in the nature of migration in Chhattisgarh, the causes are also of multiple in nature. Armed with the Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act (1979), the Ministry of Labour and its concerned departments are instrumental in formulating and implementing measures to protect the rights of the migrant workers. However, serious gaps in actual implementation of progress on the ground have been observed and reported in recent years. With this broader perspective, the consultative meeting brought together 33 participants drawn from the government, academia, trade union, media and civil Society to deliberate upon the key features and trends in migration from the perspective of addressing policy challenges.
The impact of migration
On migrants and their families : Poorer migrant workers, crowded into the lower ends of the labour market, have few entitlements vis a vis their employers or the public authorities in the destination areas. They have meagre personal assets and suffer a range of deprivations in the destination areas. In the source areas, migration has both negative and positive consequences for migrants and their families
Living conditions : migrant labourers, whether agricultural or non-agricultural, live in deplorable conditions. There is no provision of Safe drinking water or hygienic sanitation. Most live in open spaces or makeshift shelters in spite of the Contract Labour Act which stipulates that the contractor or employer should provide suitable accommodation . Apart from seasonal workers, workers who migrate to the cities for job live in parks and pavements. Slum dwellers, who are mostly migrants, stay in deplorable conditions, with inadequate water and bad drainage. Food costs more for migrant workers who are not able to obtain temporary ration cards.
Health and Education: labourers working in harsh circumstances and living in unhygienic conditions suffer from serious occupational health problems and are vulnerable to disease. Those working in quarries, construction sites and mines suffer from various health hazards, mostly lung diseases. As the employer does not follow safety measures, accidents are quite frequent. Migrants cannot access various health and family care programmes due to their temporary status. Free public health care facilities and programmes are not accessible to them. For women workers, there is no provision of maternity leave, forcing them to resume work almost immediately after childbirth. Workers, particularly those working in tile factories and brick kilns suffer from occupational health hazards such as body ache, sunstroke and skin irritation.
Tribal issue in migration
In recent years three distinct types of migration waves can be observed taking place in the Adivasi dominant states of Chhattisgarh.
The First Wave is the migration of young Adivasi women to metropolitan cities. The reasons behind this is that is nothing in the house or village to occupy these women in a profitable or meaningful way. After the mono-crop, which is paddy is harvested on their tiny plots of land, families find that the harvest will last only for a few months. Instead of sitting at home, idle and starving, girls and women opt to migrating to cities and towns to work as house-keepers in urban middle-class families.
They are completely unaware of the risks and dangers involved. They get in touch with some middle-men/women and take off often without even informing and getting the Consent of their parents. They land up in metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai completely at the mercy and disposal of placement-agencies with no choice over future employers, or the type of work, wages, living conditions etc. they want. Their number is estimated to be around three-to-four lakhs.
The Second Wave is the seasonal migration of entire families to northern states. June to December is the monsoon-fed agricultural season. As the food produced is insufficient to feed the family for the whole year and there is no possibility of a second crop because of lack of Irrigation hundreds of families leave their homes and hearth, temporarily, between January to May. Only some elderly members are left to attend to the cattle.
The Third Wave is the recent exodus of Adivasi youth to the Southern States as casual/contract labour. Thousands of them work mostly at the construction work sites in the cities of Karnataka and Tamilnadu and cities, farms and plantations of Kerala. They go there either through contacts with persons who are already there or they are taken in batches by contractors/middle-men.
There are two main reasons responsible for above trends:
(i) Deepening poverty: while the Indian economy is said to be growing at the fastest rate, poverty is deepening in the Adivasi belt of central India. Blessed by nature with rich mineral wealth has now become a curse to them.The protective constitutional provisions, laws, judicial verdicts meant to protect the Adivasi have been cast aside and are being disregarded and safeguards violated.
(ii) Increasing State repression: The Adivasis, however, are not taking this exploitative situation lying down. Resistance movements against the unjust, illegal, forcible acquisition of their jal, jangal, jamin have found an echo among people at large and some umbrella organizations vs displacement have played a significant role in turning away most companies empty handed. This includes industrial giants like Mittal, Vedanta and Posco.
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Chattisgarh is a state in central India. It is the 10th largest state in India by area and the 17th most populous state. The capital of Chattisgarh is Raipur.
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. Migration can be internal, meaning that people move within a country, or international, meaning that people move from one country to another.
Migration to Chattisgarh
There are a number of reasons why people migrate to Chattisgarh. Some people migrate to Chattisgarh in search of work. Chattisgarh is a resource-rich state, and there are a number of industries in the state, including mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. These industries offer employment opportunities to people from all over India.
Other people migrate to Chattisgarh in search of a better life. Chattisgarh is a relatively poor state, and there are a number of social and economic problems in the state. People who migrate to Chattisgarh are often looking for a better life for themselves and their families.
Migration from Chattisgarh
There are also a number of reasons why people migrate from Chattisgarh. Some people migrate from Chattisgarh in search of work. Chattisgarh is a relatively poor state, and there are a number of social and economic problems in the state. People who migrate from Chattisgarh are often looking for better job opportunities in other parts of India.
Other people migrate from Chattisgarh in search of a better education. Chattisgarh has a number of educational institutions, but the quality of education in the state is not as good as in other parts of India. People who migrate from Chattisgarh are often looking for better educational opportunities for their children.
Internal migration in Chattisgarh
There is also a lot of internal migration within Chattisgarh. People move from rural areas to urban areas in search of work and better opportunities. People also move from one district to another in search of better job opportunities.
International migration in Chattisgarh
There is also a small amount of international migration to Chattisgarh. Most of the international migrants to Chattisgarh are from neighboring countries, such as Nepal and Bangladesh. These migrants are often looking for work in the mining and agriculture industries.
Causes of migration in Chattisgarh
There are a number of reasons why people migrate to Chattisgarh. Some of the main reasons include:
- Economic opportunities: Chattisgarh is a resource-rich state, and there are a number of industries in the state, including mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. These industries offer employment opportunities to people from all over India.
- Social and economic problems: Chattisgarh is a relatively poor state, and there are a number of social and economic problems in the state. People who migrate to Chattisgarh are often looking for a better life for themselves and their families.
- Education: Chattisgarh has a number of educational institutions, but the quality of education in the state is not as good as in other parts of India. People who migrate from Chattisgarh are often looking for better educational opportunities for their children.
Effects of migration in Chattisgarh
Migration has a number of effects on Chattisgarh. Some of the main effects include:
- Economic growth: Migration can lead to economic growth in Chattisgarh. The influx of workers into the state can help to boost the economy.
- Social Change: Migration can also lead to social change in Chattisgarh. The influx of people from different cultures can help to create a more diverse and tolerant society.
- Environmental problems: Migration can also lead to environmental problems in Chattisgarh. The influx of people can put a strain on the Environment, leading to deforestation, pollution, and other problems.
Policies to address migration in Chattisgarh
The government of Chattisgarh has a number of policies in place to address migration. Some of the main policies include:
- Promoting Economic Development: The government is working to promote economic development in Chattisgarh. This will help to create jobs and opportunities for people in the state, which will reduce the need for people to migrate.
- Providing education and training: The government is also working to provide education and training to people in Chattisgarh. This will help people to get better jobs and improve their lives, which will reduce the need for people to migrate.
- Providing social Services: The government is also working to provide social services to people in Chattisgarh. This includes things like healthcare, housing, and childcare. This will help to improve the lives of people in the state, which will reduce the need for people to migrate.
What is migration?
Migration is the movement of people from one place to another. It can be voluntary, such as when people move to find a better job or to be with family, or it can be involuntary, such as when people are forced to flee their homes due to war or natural disaster.
What are the causes of migration?
There are many reasons why people migrate. Some of the most common causes include:
- Economic opportunity: People may migrate in search of better jobs or higher wages.
- Family reunification: People may migrate to be with family members who have already moved to another location.
- Political instability: People may migrate to escape war, violence, or persecution.
- Natural disasters: People may migrate to escape the effects of natural disasters, such as floods, Earthquakes, or droughts.
What are the effects of migration?
Migration can have both positive and negative effects on the sending and receiving countries. Some of the positive effects of migration include:
- Increased economic growth: Migration can lead to increased economic growth in both the sending and receiving countries. In the sending country, Remittances (Money sent home by migrants) can help to boost the economy. In the receiving country, migrants can provide a source of labor and help to fill skills gaps.
- Cultural enrichment: Migration can lead to cultural enrichment in both the sending and receiving countries. Migrants bring with them their own cultures and traditions, which can add to the diversity of the receiving country.
- Increased innovation: Migration can lead to increased innovation in both the sending and receiving countries. Migrants often bring with them new ideas and perspectives, which can help to drive innovation.
Some of the negative effects of migration include:
- Brain drain: Migration can lead to a brain drain in the sending country, as skilled workers leave to seek better opportunities elsewhere. This can have a negative impact on the development of the sending country.
- Social unrest: Migration can lead to social unrest in the receiving country, as migrants compete with locals for jobs and Resources. This can lead to tensions and conflict.
- Environmental Degradation: Migration can lead to environmental degradation, as migrants often clear forests and other Natural Resources to make way for new settlements.
What are the policies that can be used to manage migration?
There are a number of policies that can be used to manage migration, including:
- Visa policies: Visa policies can be used to control the flow of migrants into a country. For example, a country may require migrants to obtain a visa before entering the country.
- Border control: Border control can be used to prevent illegal migration. For example, a country may build a fence or wall along its border to prevent people from crossing illegally.
- Remittance policies: Remittance policies can be used to encourage migrants to send money home to their families in the sending country. For example, a country may offer tax breaks to migrants who send money home.
- Integration policies: Integration policies can be used to help migrants integrate into the receiving country. For example, a country may provide language training and job training to migrants.
What is the future of migration?
The future of migration is uncertain. However, it is likely that migration will continue to be a major issue in the world for many years to come. The factors that are driving migration, such as economic inequality, political instability, and Climate change, are not likely to change in the near future. As a result, it is likely that the number of migrants will continue to grow.
Which of the following is not a reason for migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from natural disasters
(C) To get a better education
(D) To visit friends and familyWhich of the following is the most common type of migration?
(A) Internal migration
(B) International migration
(C) Rural-to-urban migration
(D) Urban-to-rural migrationWhich of the following is the most common reason for internal migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from natural disasters
(C) To get a better education
(D) To visit friends and familyWhich of the following is the most common reason for international migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from war or persecution
(C) To reunite with family members
(D) To study abroadWhich of the following is the most common type of rural-to-urban migration?
(A) Migration from villages to small towns
(B) Migration from small towns to large cities
(C) Migration from large cities to megacities
(D) Migration from megacities to rural areasWhich of the following is the most common type of urban-to-rural migration?
(A) Migration from small towns to villages
(B) Migration from large cities to small towns
(C) Migration from megacities to large cities
(D) Migration from rural areas to megacitiesWhich of the following is the most common reason for rural-to-urban migration?
(A) To find better job opportunities
(B) To escape from poverty
(C) To have access to better education and healthcare
(D) To have a better Quality Of LifeWhich of the following is the most common reason for urban-to-rural migration?
(A) To escape from pollution and crime
(B) To have a slower pace of life
(C) To be closer to family and friends
(D) To have access to cheaper land and housingWhich of the following is the most common impact of migration?
(A) Changes in Population demographics
(B) Changes in the economy
(C) Changes in the culture
(D) Changes in the environmentWhich of the following is the most common challenge of migration?
(A) Integration of migrants into the host society
(B) Providing social services to migrants
(C) Preventing crime and violence against migrants
(D) Protecting the rights of migrants