Notes and Study material for Exams
Print media generally refers to newspapers. Newspapers collect, edit and print news reports and articles.The Chinese were the first to invent the art of printing. They made wooden blocks to print letters. This was started during the period of the Tang Dynasty in 600 AD. The oldest known surviving printed work in a woodblock is … Read more
Public Interest Litigation: A Catalyst for Social Justice and Accountability Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has emerged as a powerful tool for promoting social justice and holding the state accountable in India and beyond. This article delves into the evolution, significance, and impact of PIL, exploring its strengths and limitations, and examining its role in shaping … Read more
Within a state there is generally a four-tier structure of ad- ministration – division, district, taluka/tehsil/block, and village. The district has been so far the most important unit of administration. Some of the states have introduced the system of Panchayati Raj, generally a three-tier structure of local self- government in rural areas at the vil- … Read more
The Central Vigilance Commission: A Watchdog Against Corruption in India The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC), established in 1964, stands as a cornerstone of India’s fight against corruption. This independent body plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical conduct within the government and public sector. This article delves into the CVC’s mandate, powers, … Read more
The Global Fight Against Human Trafficking and Forced Labour: A Comprehensive Overview The abhorrent practices of human trafficking and forced labour continue to plague societies worldwide, exploiting vulnerable individuals for profit and perpetuating cycles of abuse and injustice. These crimes violate fundamental human rights and inflict profound physical, psychological, and social harm on victims. This … Read more
Civil And Criminal Laws: hierarchy of civil and criminal courts in India Courts and Justice system in India The courts are divided into three categories with top court, middle court and lower court. The top court is named as The Supreme Court, while the middle court is named as High Court, and the lower court … Read more
Hindu Society is divided into four varna, or classes, a convention which had its origins in the Rig Veda, the first and most important set of hymns in Hindu scripture which dates back to 1500-1000 B.C. At the top of the hierarchy are the Brahmins, or priests, followed by the Kshatriyas, or warriors. The Vaisyas, … Read more
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: A Cornerstone of Legal Interpretation The legal landscape is a complex tapestry woven with countless statutes, regulations, and precedents. Navigating this intricate web requires a sophisticated approach to interpretation, one that ensures consistency and avoids contradictions. The doctrine of harmonious construction, a fundamental principle of statutory interpretation, plays a crucial … Read more
The Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha: A Vital Role in India’s Parliamentary Democracy The Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, is a vibrant and dynamic institution that plays a crucial role in shaping the nation’s destiny. At the helm of this legislative body is the Speaker, who presides over its proceedings and … Read more
The Enduring Legacy of Fraternities: A Complex History and Evolving Identity Fraternities, with their distinctive rituals, traditions, and social networks, have been a fixture in American higher education for centuries. Their presence, however, is not without controversy. This article delves into the multifaceted history of fraternities, exploring their origins, evolution, and the ongoing debate surrounding … Read more