Philosophy

Theory of Pre established harmony

Leibniz’s theory is best known as a solution to the mind–body problem of how mind can interact with the body. Leibniz rejected the idea of physical bodies affecting each other, and explained all physical causation in this way. Under pre-established harmony, the preprogramming of each mind must be extremely complex, since only it causes its own thoughts … Read more

Leibnitz – theory of Monad

G.W. Leibniz’s Monadology (1714) is a very concise and condensed presentation of his theory that the universe consists of an infinite number of substances called monads. Leibniz discusses the nature of monadic perception and consciousness, the principles which govern truth and reason, and the relation of the monadic universe to God. Leibniz defines a monad as a … Read more

Spinoza – Substance’ Pantheism’

Spinoza advocates an extremely unorthodox conception of God. He derives it from his concept of Substance, employing the geometrical method that relies on selfevident axioms and those propositions logically deduced from them. Naturally, his views have attracted criticism and the wrath of the established orthodoxy. Spinoza thus proceeds from the definition of Substance given by … Read more

Bradley – Idealism

Bradley’s theory that relational judgments that appear to refer to a number of identifiable and discriminable individuals actually presuppose a single underlying reality gets confirmation from his logical analysis of a kind of judgment in which this reality is introduced directly. Bradley’s definition of judgment introduces “ideal content.”  What is “ideal content” and how is … Read more

Berkeley – esse est percipii

Irish philosopher George Berkeley believed that Locke’s Essay did not carry the principles of empiricism far enough. Philosophers like Descartes and Locke tried to forestall problems of perceptual illusion by distinguishing between material objects and the ideas by means of which we perceive them. (perceiver—–ideas—–material objects) But the representationalist approach can provide no reliable account of the connection between ideas and the objects they are supposed to represent. The results of … Read more

Saint Anselm Ontological argument for the existence of God

Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world—e.g., from reason alone. In other words, ontological arguments are arguments from what are typically alleged to be none but analytic, a priori and necessary premises to the conclusion that God exists. … Read more

Unity and universality of religions

Diversity in religious practice is evident in the global community. Various sects, schools, denominations, and factions of religions can be found throughout the world, and being in close proximity to one another necessitates some form of dialogue between separate traditions. Expressions of religious feelings in practical life are not the monolithic. In our daily life … Read more

Religious tolerance and Secularism

Indian Society. Secularism in the multi-cultural, multi-lingual and plural society of India a significant role to play in reducing religious conflicts and persecution, upholding Human Rights and on the whole building a „strong‟ and „unified‟ nation. Secularism has its origin in western countries and it is related to the separation of the church from the … Read more