Notes and Study material for Exams
Preparation and properties of commonly used dyes Dye, substance used to impart colour to textiles, paper, leather, and other materials such that the colouring is not readily altered by washing, heat, Light, or other factors to which the material is likely to be exposed. Dyes differ from pigments, which are finely ground solids dispersed in … Read more
Synthetic Fibers (nylon and rayon) and polystyrene Synthetic fibers are made from raw materials such as petroleum, based on chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a long, linear chemical with different chemical compounds and are used to produce various types of fibers. Synthetic fibers account for about half of all fiber usage, with … Read more
Energy Crisis The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on the limited natural Resources that are used to power industrial Society are diminishing as the demand rises. These Natural Resources are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands of years to replenish the stores. Governments … Read more
Atomic structure In 1897 J.J. Thomson discovered electron as a constituent of atom. He determined that an electron had a negative charge and had very little mass as compared to that of the atom. Since an atom was found to be electrically neutral it was inferred that some source of positive charge must be present … Read more
laboratory method of preparing alcohol Hydrolysis of Alkyl Halides This is a nucleophilic substitution reaction. R-X + KOHaq → R-OH The method is not satisfactory as olefins are also formed as by-products. However better yields is obtained by using moist Ag2O or aqueous K2CO3. Tertiary butyl halides mainly gives alkene due to dehydrohalogenation. Hydration of Alkenes This … Read more
Production of plaster of paris Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative Elements. “plaster” usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while “render” commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, … Read more
Methods Of Production And Manufacturing Washing soda The chemical name of washing soda is sodium carbonate decahydrate, and its chemical formula is Na2CO3.10H2O. So washing soda is hydrated salt of sodium carbonate containing 10 Molecules of water of crystallization. Sodium carbonate is manufactured by Solvay process. The manufacture of sodium carbonate by Solvay process includes … Read more