Notes and Study material for Exams
Navigating the Global Tax Landscape: A Guide to Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAA) The globalized economy has fostered a complex web of international business transactions, leading to a potential for double taxation â a situation where the same income or capital is taxed twice by different countries. To mitigate this risk and promote cross-border investment, … Read more
Navigating the Complexities of Advanced Pricing Agreements (APAs) The globalized nature of modern business has led to an increasing complexity in international tax matters. Multinational corporations (MNCs) often face challenges in determining the appropriate transfer pricing for transactions between their subsidiaries in different countries. This can lead to disputes with tax authorities, resulting in costly … Read more
The Global Minimum Corporate Tax: A New Era of Tax Fairness or a Pyrrhic Victory? The global landscape of corporate taxation is undergoing a seismic shift. In a landmark agreement reached in October 2021, over 130 countries, representing over 90% of global GDP, committed to implementing a global minimum corporate tax rate of 15%. This … Read more
The Tobin Tax: A Controversial Solution to Global Financial Instability? The global financial system, despite its complexity and interconnectedness, is often characterized by volatility and instability. This inherent fragility has been exposed repeatedly, leading to devastating consequences for individuals, businesses, and economies worldwide. In the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, the search for solutions … Read more
The Pigovian Tax: A Tool for Balancing Externalities and Market Efficiency Introduction The invisible hand of the market, while often lauded for its efficiency in allocating resources, can sometimes fail to account for the full costs and benefits of economic activities. This failure arises from the presence of externalities, which are costs or benefits imposed … Read more
The Laffer Curve: A Controversial Tool for Tax Policy The Laffer Curve, a simple yet powerful economic concept, has sparked heated debates and influenced tax policies worldwide. It posits a relationship between tax rates and government revenue, suggesting that increasing tax rates beyond a certain point can actually lead to a decrease in revenue. This … Read more
Tax Expenditures: Hidden Subsidies in Plain Sight Tax expenditures, often referred to as “tax breaks” or “tax loopholes,” are provisions in the tax code that reduce tax liability for specific individuals, businesses, or industries. They deviate from the standard tax system by offering preferential treatment, effectively providing a subsidy through the tax system. While seemingly … Read more
The Wealth Tax: A Controversial Tool for Equality and Growth The concept of a wealth tax, a levy on an individual’s net worth, has re-emerged as a prominent policy debate in recent years. Proponents argue that it is a necessary tool to address growing inequality, fund public services, and promote economic stability. Opponents, however, contend … Read more
The Negative Income Tax: A Potential Solution to Poverty and Inequality The concept of a negative income tax (NIT) has been debated for decades as a potential solution to poverty and inequality. It proposes a system where individuals below a certain income threshold receive government payments instead of paying taxes. This article will delve into … Read more
closed-economy: Here is a list of subtopics related to open-economy and closed-economy: Open economy Trade Comparative advantage Absolute advantage Terms of trade Capital flows InvestmentInvestment