Notes and Study material for Exams
Directing is concerned with instructing, guiding, supervising and inspiring people in the organisation to achieve its objectives. It is the process of telling people what to do and seeing that they do it in the best possiblemanner. Elements in Directing: The four essential elements in Directing are : Communication … Read more
Organizing is the process of identification and grouping of activities, assigning duties and delegating authority to the managers, allocating necessary Resources and establishing coordination among individuals and department of an organization with a view to attain its objectives. PROCESS OF ORGANIZING : The process of organising consists of the following steps … Read more
Functions of Management:- Planning Organizing Staffing Direction Coordination and control DECISION MAKING OUTPUT Attainment goals effectively & efficiently INPUTS/Resources Human Finance CONTROLLING Measuring performance with standards & taking corrective actions PLANNING Setting of objects & selecting ways ORGANIZING Establishing relationships, Delagting authority & assign tasks DIRECTING Leading & motivating employees … Read more
Wetlands are lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic system where the water table is usually near the water surface and land is covered by shallow water. Essential as: control floods, water treatment, recharging of water sources, reduce sediments, check Soil erosion, bulwark against encroachment by the sea, winter resort for birds and important … Read more
Biodiversity and extinction of species. Green NATIONAL INCOME Account Conventional National Income Accounting does not capture the Environmental Degradation due to production and consumption This omission leads to misrepresentation of improvements in social welfare Since there is no market for many environmental resources, it is difficult to place monetary values on them Index of Sustainable … Read more
An increase in the Average temperature of Earth’s near surface air and Oceans since the mid-20thcentury 4thassessment report of IPCC: global temperature increased 74+18 degree C during the 20thcentury. Caused by greenhouse gases Water vapour, Co2, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs (in order of abundance) Since the Industrial revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has increased … Read more
E — WASTE E-Waste is not hazardous if it is stocked in safe storage or recycled by scientific methods or transported from one place to the other in parts or in totality in the formal sector. The e-waste can be considered hazardous if recycled by primitive methods Survey was carried out by the Central Pollution … Read more
located where river meets the sea. the most productive water bodies in the world The complete salinity range from 0-35 ppt is seen from the head (river end) to the mouth (sea end) of an estuary Coastal lakes which have their connection with the sea through small openings are better known as lagoons or … Read more
Areas of marsh, fen, peatland/water, whether natural (or) artificial, permanent (or) temporary with water that is static (or) flowing, fresh, brackish (or) salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 mtrs. Wetlands Classification– Inland wetland- a)Natural- Lakes / Ponds, Ox-bow Lakes, Waterlogged, Swamp/marsh b) Manmade- … Read more
Any – body of standing water, generally large enough in area and depth, irrespective of its hydrology, ECOLOGY, and other characteristics is generally known as lake. Ageing of Lakes The nutrient enrichment of the lakes promotes the Growth of algae, aquatic Plants and various Fauna. This process is known as natural eutrophication. Similar nutrient … Read more