<<–2/”>a >a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/agricultural-credit/”>Agricultural credit provided directly to farmers, called direct finance to farmer for agriculture, is either short-term or long-term. While short-term credit enables cultivators to procure inputs such as fertiliser and seeds needed for agricultural operations, long-term credit is meant for Investment in fixed assets such as Irrigation pumps, tractors, agricultural machinery and so on, thus accentuating Capital Formation.
68.84% of the Population in India is rural based and majority of them depends on agriculture for a living. Enhanced and stable Growth of the agriculture sector is important as it plays a vital role not only in generating purchasing power among the rural population by creating on-farm and off-farm EMPLOYMENT opportunities but also through its contribution to price stability and Food Security.The share of agriculture and allied sectors in Gross Bank Credit was about 13 per cent despite rise in credit flow to agriculture in absolute terms. The heavy dependency of farmers on moneylender is partly on account of denial or limited access to Bank Services.
The Rural Finance Market comprises of:
(i) Organized or formal system;
(ii) Unorganized or informal segment.
The Organized or formal segment consists of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD), Public and Private Sector Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks (RRB), Land Development Banks (LDB), State Cooperative banks (SCB), Central Cooperative Banks (CCB), Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks (PACB), Central and States Governments, Life Insurance Corporations (LIC), Post Office Saving Banks, etc
Main sources of Unorganized or informal segment are as follows:-
Money Lenders: There are two Types of money lenders in rural areas. a) agricultural money lenders and b) professional money lender. Agricultural money lender’s main occupation is farming and money lending is secondary one. Professional money lender’s main profession is money lending. Although the reliance on money lender by rural poor declined over the years, the credit disbursed by money lenders still forms a major portion of the total credit obtained by the farmers.
Land Lords:Small farmers and tenants rely on land lords for finance to meet out their productive and unproductive expenses. This SOURCE OF FINANCE has all the defects associated with money lenders. Interest rates are exorbitant. Often small farmers are forced to sell out their lands to these land lords and they become land less labourers.
The enactment of the Cooperative Credit Societies Act 1904 was the first effort made by the Government in the country to institutionalize agricultural credit by promoting the cooperatives in a corporate form.After India attained Independence in August, 1947, cooperatives assumed a great significance in POVERTY removal and faster socio-economic growth. With the advent of the planning process, cooperatives became an integral part of the Five Year Plans. As a result, they emerged as a distinct segment in our national economy.In the First Five Year Plan, it was specifically stated that the success of the Plan would be judged, among other things, by the extent it was implemented through cooperative organisations.
State Cooperative Bank at the apex level in each State, the Central Cooperative Bank at the District level and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies / Primary Agricultural Cooperative Banks / Large Sized Agricultural Multi-Purpose Societies / Farmers Service Societies at the base level serves the structural development of Cooperative Societies in India.
The cooperatives have been operating in various areas of the economy such as credit, production, processing, ,Marketing, input distribution, housing, dairying and textiles. In some of the areas of their activities like dairying, urban Banking and housing, sugar and handlooms, the cooperatives have achieved success to an extent but there are larger areas where they have not been so successful.
The failure of cooperatives in the country is mainly attributable to: dormant membership and lack of active participation of members in the management of cooperatives. Mounting overdues in cooperative credit institution, lack of mobilisation of internal Resources and over-dependence on Government assistance, lack of professional management. bureaucratic control and interference in the management, political interference and over-politisation have proved harmful to their growth. Predominance of vested interests resulting in non-percolation of benefits to a common member, particularly to the class of persons for whom such cooperatives were basically formed, has also retarded the development of cooperatives. These are the areas which need to be attended to by evolving suitable legislative and policy support.
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) was established through an Act of Parliament in 1982. NABARD was set up as an apex Development Bank with a mandate for facilitating credit flow for agriculture, rural industries and all other allied economic activities.
NABARD was established with an aim of building an empowered and financially inclusive rural India through specific goal oriented departments which can be categorized broadly into three heads: Financial, Developmental and Supervision. Through these initiatives we touch almost every aspect of rural economy. From providing refinance support to building rural Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE; from preparing district level credit plans to guiding and motivating the banking Industry in 
achieving these targets; from supervising Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) to helping them develop Sound banking practices and onboarding them to the CBS platform; from designing new development schemes to the implementation of GoI’s development schemes; from training handicraft artisans to providing them a marketing platform for selling these articles.
Rural indebtedness is an age-old problem in India. In the nineteenth century, commercial banking was non-existent in rural areas, and farmers were completely in the hands of usurious moneylenders. Starting from the days of British rule, the central government has been striving to expand institutional lending to the rural agricultural sector. In recent decades, efforts in this direction have intensified and today, there is a vast Network of institutions providing credit for agriculture
When the State Bank of India was created in July 1955, extending banking services to rural and semi-urban areas was made one of its objectives. Until 1966, co-operatives were viewed as the main instrument for extending agricultural credit. The All-India Rural Credit Review Committee (1969) recommended the adoption of a “multi-agency approach” towards agriculture and rural credit and commercial banks were expected to complement the efforts of co-operatives to enhance the quantum of credit in the rural economy. The nationalisation of commercial banks in 1969 made it possible for government to become more proactive on expanding credit to agriculture. In the same year, the concept of a ‘lead bank’ was introduced by the Reserve Bank of India; each bank was expected to concentrate on a specific geographical area to increase the flow of credit to agriculture and to promote overall development in rural areas within its area of operation.
A directed credit programme towards certain priority sectors was a major development policy in both developed and developing countries in the 1960s. The shortfall in agricultural output in India in 1966 and 1967 helped focus attention on the need for commercial banks to increase their involvement in financing agricultural activities. Under the concept of priority sector lending introduced in 1972, commercial banks were mandated to advance a certain proportion of their funds to these priority sectors, which included agriculture and small-scale industries.
The Narasimham Committee on rural credit (1975) recommended the establishment of Regional Rural Banks, as it was of the view that neither commercial banks nor co-operative institutions were able to meet agricultural credit needs. Another major step taken towards the development of rural credit was the establishment of NABARD in 1982 by a special act of Parliament on the recommendation of the Committee to Review Arrangement for Institutional Credit for Agriculture and Rural Development. Its mission is to “promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural prosperity through effective credit support, related services, institution development and other innovative initiatives” (NABARD).
Three other initiatives, viz., the Kisan Credit Card Scheme, Self Help Group-Bank Linkage Programme and Special Agricultural Credit Plans were put in place in the 1990s to increase the flow of credit to the agricultural sector. The increased lending to agriculture accelerated, particularly after the government adopted doubling of Agricultural Credit Policy (DCAP) over a three-year period beginning in 2003-04.
Despite the successive efforts taken by the government, the latest All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) by the NSSO shows that non-institutional agencies still accounted for as much as 44 per cent of outstanding dues in 2012-13, an increase from the 36 per cent level in 1990-91. The ground level institutional credit flow to agriculture has shown a significant increase of more than ten times from Rs.0.53 lakh crore in 2001-02 to Rs.6.07 lakh crore in 2012-13 (Annual Report NABARD, 2013-14). And yet, only about half of 14 crore farm households were covered by formal institutions while the remaining were dependent on informal sources such as moneylenders who charge exorbitantly high rates of interest.
Special Agriculture Credit Plan
With a view to ensuring that the flow of credit to agriculture increases substantially, RBI advised banks in 1994-95 to prepare an action plan for disbursement of credit to agriculture. Accordingly, each bank prepares a Special Agricultural Credit Plan (SACP), segregated into quarterly targets, which is monitored by the RBI. Earlier, the SCAP mechanism was applicable only to the Public Sector Banks but it was extended to Private Sector Banks in 2005-06.
2004 Initiative for Doubling of Agricultural Credit
In June 2004, the central government announced a package of measures aimed at doubling agricultural credit over three years, starting with a credit growth of 30 per cent for 2004-05. The measures taken by the Reserve Bank and the Indian Banks Association in respect of commercial banks and by NABARD in respect of co-operative banks and the RRBs included debt restructuring and fresh loans to farmers affected by natural calamities, one time settlement for small and marginal farmers, fresh finance to farmers whose earlier debts had been settled and relief measures for farmers indebted to private money lenders. This initiative was immensely successful and the actual disbursement of credit exceeded the three-year target. Encouraged by the expansion of credit, the central government fixed targets for subsequent years as well. The target increased at an annual compound growth rate of 21 percent in the period beginning from 2004 to 2014.
Kisan Credit Cards
The Kisan Credit Cards Scheme, introduced in August 1998, is an innovative credit delivery mechanism to meet the credit needs of the farmer. Apart from providing short-term and term loans, a certain component of KCC also covers consumption needs. An important feature of the scheme from the outset was that once the documentation to establish the bona fide and assets of beneficiaries is done, they could approach financial institution for simple and hassle free sanction of credit from the second year onwards. Further progress was made in later years and now the passbook has been replaced by a plastic card, and the Kisan Credit Card is an ATM enabled debit card. Under the earlier system, disbursal of short-term credit to agriculture was mostly through demand loans and cash credit, which permitted withdrawals mainly through debit vouchers, saving accounts and through bankers’ cheques. However, the traditional system of loan disbursement through passbooks were replaced by ATM-enabled debit cards with facility for withdrawal/disbursement of loan. The main objective is to develop a cashless eco system by enabling the farming community to avail of banking facilities. Its use has spread over the vast institutional credit framework involving commercial banks, RRBs and co-operatives.
Financial Inclusion Programmes
The outreach of agriculture credit to farmers by covering them through bank accounts is one of the most important factors that have led to the recent expansion of agricultural credit. According to the latest data released by AIDIS (2013), 68.8 per cent of rural households and 79.5 per cent of urban households had bank accounts.
As part of the financial inclusion programme, the government had launched the Swabhiman scheme in 2011 to extend the reach of banking in rural areas initially to approximately 74,000 habitations with a population of more than 2,000. It aimed to provide branchless banking services in the remotest areas through banking correspondents, making use of technology.
Performance of Institutional Credit Agencies In the year 1975-76, co-operative banks accounted for the largest share of 75 per cent, followed by commercial banks at 25 per cent and RRBs at 0.13 per cent. In 1990-91, the Shares of cooperative institutions and commercial banks were almost equal at 48 per cent and 49 per cent, respectively. Thereafter, there has been a turnaround in the position of these two institutions. There is a gradual decline in the share of co-operatives and an increase in the share of commercial banks. By 2012-13, the share of co-operative banks had fallen to around 17 per cent while that of commercial banks had increased to 73 per cent.
National Agricultural Research System (NARS)
The National Agricultural Research ACT, 2005 provides for the development of an agricultural research system for Uganda, hereby referred to as the National Agricultural Research System (NARS), for the purpose of improving agricultural research services delivery, financing and management. The NARS means a cross section of stakeholders whether in public or private sector; and comprises of the organisation, public agricultural research institutes, universities and other tertiary institutions, farmer groups, civil Society organisation, private sector and any other entity engaged in the provision of agricultural research services. The NARS institutional framework encompass Public as well as Private sector institutions in implementing agricultural research, and promoting vertical and horizontal linkages with other national, regional and international institutions.
The NARS Objectives
The Objectives of agricultural research in Uganda are to:
- Transform agricultural production into a modern science-based market oriented agriculture capable of greater efficiency, profitability and of sustaining growth in the agricultural sector while contributing to poverty eradication;
- Promote agriculture and related industry for the purposes of contributing to the improvement of the Quality Of Life and livelihoods of the people, having regard to the protection of the Environment; and
- Support the development and implementation of national policy with relevant information and knowledge.
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Capital formation in agriculture is the process of investing in the resources and assets that are used to produce agricultural products. These resources include land, labor, Capital Goods, Human Capital, infrastructure, research and development, institutional capital, natural capital, social capital, financial capital, and intangible capital.
Land is a natural resource that is essential for agriculture. It provides the space for crops to grow and Livestock to graze. Land can be improved through irrigation, drainage, and fertilization.
Labor is the human effort that is used to produce agricultural products. Farmers, farm workers, and other agricultural workers all contribute to the production of food and fiber.
Capital goods are the physical assets that are used in agriculture. These include tractors, combines, irrigation systems, and storage facilities. Capital goods can be improved through research and development.
Human capital is the knowledge and skills that workers have that enable them to be productive. Farmers and farm workers need to have knowledge of agricultural practices and the ability to use capital goods effectively.
Infrastructure is the physical and organizational structures that support economic activity. This includes roads, bridges, Airports, and telecommunications systems. Infrastructure can improve the efficiency of agricultural production.
Research and development is the process of creating new knowledge and technologies. This can lead to new agricultural products, processes, and practices.
Institutional capital is the rules, regulations, and institutions that support economic activity. This includes laws, regulations, and government agencies. Institutional capital can help to create a favorable environment for agriculture.
Natural capital is the Natural Resources that are used in agriculture. This includes land, water, air, and Minerals. Natural capital can be depleted through overuse or pollution.
Social capital is the networks of relationships and trust that exist between people. This can help to facilitate cooperation and coordination in agriculture.
Financial capital is the money that is used to finance agricultural production. This can come from banks, investors, or government subsidies. Financial capital can help to farmers to purchase land, equipment, and other inputs.
Intangible capital is the knowledge, skills, and experience that workers have that are not easily measured. This can include things like teamwork, problem-solving, and innovation. Intangible capital can help to improve the productivity of agricultural workers.
Capital formation in agriculture is essential for the production of food and fiber. By investing in the resources and assets that are used in agriculture, we can improve the efficiency of production and increase the productivity of farmers. This will help to ensure that we have enough food to feed the world’s growing population.
In addition to the economic benefits, capital formation in agriculture can also have positive environmental and social impacts. By investing in Sustainable Agriculture practices, we can reduce the environmental impact of agriculture and improve the livelihoods of farmers. This will help to create a more sustainable and equitable food system for the future.
What is capital formation?
Capital formation is the process of creating new capital goods. Capital goods are goods that are used to produce other goods and services. They include things like machines, tools, and buildings.
What are the different types of capital formation?
There are two main types of capital formation: physical capital formation and human capital formation. Physical capital formation is the creation of new physical capital goods. Human capital formation is the creation of new human capital, which is the knowledge and skills that people have.
What are the benefits of capital formation?
Capital formation has a number of benefits. It can lead to economic growth, increased productivity, and higher living standards.
What are the challenges of capital formation?
Capital formation can be challenging. It requires investment, which can be risky. It also requires time, as it takes time to create new capital goods.
What are some examples of capital formation?
Some examples of capital formation include building a new factory, buying new equipment, and training workers.
What are some policies that can promote capital formation?
There are a number of policies that can promote capital formation. These include providing tax breaks for investment, investing in Education and training, and creating a stable and predictable business environment.
What are some of the criticisms of capital formation?
Some people argue that capital formation is not always beneficial. They argue that it can lead to inequality, environmental damage, and other problems.
What are some of the counterarguments to the criticisms of capital formation?
Some people argue that the benefits of capital formation outweigh the costs. They argue that capital formation can lead to economic growth, which can benefit everyone. They also argue that capital formation can be done in a way that minimizes environmental damage and other problems.
What is the future of capital formation?
The future of capital formation is uncertain. Some people believe that capital formation will continue to be important in the future. Others believe that it will become less important as technology advances.
Sure, here are some MCQs without mentioning the topic Capital formation in agriculture:
Which of the following is not a factor of production?
(A) Land
(B) Labor
(C) Capital
(D) EntrepreneurshipWhich of the following is not a type of capital?
(A) Human capital
(B) Physical capital
(C) Financial capital
(D) Natural capitalWhich of the following is not a source of capital formation?
(A) Saving
(B) Investment
(C) Depreciation
(D) InflationWhich of the following is not a benefit of capital formation?
(A) Increased productivity
(B) Increased economic growth
(C) Increased employment
(D) Increased inflationWhich of the following is not a Cost of Capital formation?
(A) Interest payments
(B) Depreciation
(C) Opportunity cost
(D) InflationWhich of the following is not a way to increase capital formation?
(A) Increase saving
(B) Increase investment
(C) Decrease depreciation
(D) Decrease inflationWhich of the following is not a factor that affects the rate of capital formation?
(A) The rate of interest
(B) The rate of inflation
(C) The rate of economic growth
(D) The rate of Population GrowthWhich of the following is not a way to reduce the cost of capital formation?
(A) Increase the rate of saving
(B) Increase the rate of investment
(C) Decrease the rate of depreciation
(D) Decrease the rate of inflationWhich of the following is not a way to increase the efficiency of capital formation?
(A) Invest in human capital
(B) Invest in physical capital
(C) Invest in financial capital
(D) Invest in natural capitalWhich of the following is not a way to reduce the risk of capital formation?
(A) Diversify investments
(B) Insure investments
(C) Hedge investments
(D) Guarantee investments