<–2/”>a >Blood consists of Plasma 55% and formed Elements that is blood cells(Erythrocytes,Levcocytes and Thrombocytes)
Plasma consists of (water 90% +proteins 8% +inorganic salts such as Sodium ,Potassium, calcium and magnesium + food substances like glucose and amino acid)
Formed elements of blood cells are red blood cells or Erythrocytes, white blood cells or Levcocytes and platelets or Thrombocytes
- red blood cells are 5 million per litre
- white blood cell are 6000 per litre
- platelates are 3.5 lakh per litre
Blood transfusion
Incompatibilty of blood transfusion resulting from mismatched between doner antigens and reciepient antibodies.
Antigens is a chemical substance which leads to immune response in the form of production of antibodies.
If the donor blood of 1 blood type is transfused into a recipient who has another blood type, transfusion reaction is likely to occur in which RBC of Donor blood are dumped, then this dump plug small blood vessel through the Circulatory System .iPlasma portion of donor blood immediately become diluted by all the plasma of the recipient there by decreasing the concentration of the infused antibodies.
Formation of antibody or anti RH factor:-
when RBC containing Rh Factor are injected into a person who blood does not contain the Rh Factor. Then the Anti Rh factors are developed slowly(in about 2-3 months) With multiple exposure to Rh+ Factor the Rh- person eventually becomes strongly sensalized to the Rh Factor.
Haemosiasis:-
It is the natural defensive mechanism to prevent excessive blood loss. In response to rapture of the blood vessel, a complex chemical reactions occur in the blood involving more than a dozen of blood clotting factors.the net result is the formation of activated substance as an activator and thrombin ,released from the injured platelet which convert Prothrombin to thrombin in the presence of calcium.
PTMB is the plasma protein formed by the liver and being used throughout the body for the small vitamin K is needed by the liver for the normal formulation of platelet and others blood clotting factor ,therefore either the lack of vitamin K or the presence of liver disease that prevent normal platelet formation can decrease the platelet level so low that bleeding tendency result.
Sickle Cell anaemia:-
- is an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder in which the diffect lie only in BP chain of hemoglobin, such that it’s fixed position and amino acid known as glutamic acid get replaced by the valine. this replacement result in the sickining of haemoglobin that further sickens RBC.
- RBC are destroyed within 10 to 20 days as compared to the normal life span of 120 days
- so deficiency of RBC and hemoglobin is known as Sickle Cell anaemia
Haemophilia
- It is an x chromosome linked recessive bleeding disorder in which the process of blood clotting is delayed due to absence of factor known as Haemophilia A or B.
- the disease is expressed almost exclusively in males while female suffers only when both her X chromosome are defected.
- when a sun suffer from haemophilia it indicates mother is either career or affected
Colour blindness
- Colour blindness is also X-chromosome related recessive physical disorder in the form of Red and Green colour blindness.
- This disorder is expressed almost exclusively by mans.
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Blood is a vital fluid that carries Oxygen and nutrients to the body’s Tissues and removes waste products. It is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. This can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and pale skin.
Bleeding disorders are a group of conditions that can cause excessive bleeding. This can be caused by a problem with the blood vessels, the blood itself, or the clotting system.
Blood clots are formed when the blood thickens and forms a solid mass. This can happen when there is an injury to the blood vessel or when there is a problem with the clotting system.
Blood disorders are a group of conditions that affect the blood. This can include anemia, bleeding disorders, blood clots, and other conditions.
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood from one person to another. This is done to replace lost blood or to treat a blood disorder.
Cancer is a group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. Cancer is caused by the uncontrolled Growth of abnormal cells.
Cardiovascular disease is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels. This includes heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure.
Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which the kidneys do not function properly. This can lead to a build-up of waste products in the blood and other problems.
Diabetes is a condition in which the body does not produce or use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy.
Heart disease is a condition that affects the heart. This can include coronary artery disease, heart attack, and heart failure.
High blood pressure is a condition in which the blood pressure is too high. This can lead to heart disease, stroke, and other problems.
Immune system disorders are a group of conditions that affect the immune system. This system helps the body fight off infection and disease.
Infectious diseases are caused by germs, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. These germs can cause a variety of diseases, including pneumonia, the flu, and HIV/AIDS.
Kidney disease is a condition that affects the kidneys. This can include kidney failure, kidney stones, and urinary tract infections.
Liver disease is a condition that affects the liver. This can include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.
Mental Health disorders are a group of conditions that affect the mind. This can include depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
Nervous system disorders are a group of conditions that affect the nervous system. This can include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Nutrition is the process of providing the body with the nutrients it needs to function properly. This includes VITAMINS, Minerals, Carbohydrates, protein, and fat.
Obesity is a condition in which a person has too much body fat. This can lead to a number of health problems, including heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Physical activity is any movement that uses energy. This includes exercise, Sports, and everyday activities such as walking and climbing stairs.
Respiratory disease is a condition that affects the lungs. This can include asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are spread through sexual contact. This includes HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
Skin cancer is a type of cancer that starts in the skin. This can include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
Stroke is a condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. This can cause a variety of problems, including paralysis, speech problems, and memory loss.
Thyroid disease is a condition that affects the thyroid gland. This gland produces HORMONES that help the body use energy.
Vision problems are a group of conditions that affect the eyes. This can include nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism.
Weight management is the process of maintaining a healthy weight. This includes eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise.
Women‘s health is a field of medicine that focuses on the health of women. This includes conditions such as pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause.
Wound care is the process of treating and preventing wounds. This includes cleaning the wound, applying dressings, and monitoring the wound for infection.
These are just some of the many blood and related diseases that can affect people. It is important to be aware of these conditions and to seek medical attention if you have any concerns.
Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about blood and related diseases:
What is blood?
Blood is a fluid that circulates through the body, carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing waste products. It is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.What are the functions of blood?
The functions of blood include:- Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the tissues
- Removing waste products from the tissues
- Regulating body temperature
- Protecting the body from infection
- Clotting to stop bleeding
What are the different types of blood?
There are four main types of blood: A, B, AB, and O. Each type has different antigens and antibodies. Antigens are proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and antibodies are proteins in the blood plasma. If a person receives blood that is not their own type, their immune system will attack the blood cells, causing a serious reaction.What are blood diseases?
Blood diseases are conditions that affect the blood or blood-forming organs. Some common blood diseases include anemia, leukemia, and hemophilia.What are the symptoms of blood diseases?
The symptoms of blood diseases vary depending on the type of disease. Some common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, bruising, and bleeding.How are blood diseases treated?
The treatment for blood diseases depends on the type of disease. Some common treatments include blood transfusions, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.What is the outlook for people with blood diseases?
The outlook for people with blood diseases varies depending on the type of disease and the severity of the condition. Some blood diseases, such as anemia, can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes. Other blood diseases, such as leukemia, can be life-threatening.How can I prevent blood diseases?
There is no way to prevent some blood diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and hemophilia. However, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing other blood diseases, such as anemia. These steps include eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and avoiding smoking.Where can I get more information about blood and blood diseases?
You can get more information about blood and blood diseases from the following sources:- The American Red Cross
- The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- The American Society of Hematology
Question 1
Which of the following is not a type of blood cell?
(A) Red blood cells
(B) White blood cells
(C) Platelets
(D) Lymphocytes
Answer
(D) Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell.
Question 2
What is the function of red blood cells?
(A) To carry oxygen to the tissues
(B) To fight infection
(C) To stop bleeding
(D) To produce antibodies
Answer
(A) Red blood cells carry oxygen to the tissues.
Question 3
What is the function of white blood cells?
(A) To carry oxygen to the tissues
(B) To fight infection
(C) To stop bleeding
(D) To produce antibodies
Answer
(B) White blood cells fight infection.
Question 4
What is the function of platelets?
(A) To carry oxygen to the tissues
(B) To fight infection
(C) To stop bleeding
(D) To produce antibodies
Answer
(C) Platelets stop bleeding.
Question 5
What is anemia?
(A) A condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells
(B) A condition in which the body does not have enough white blood cells
(C) A condition in which the body does not have enough platelets
(D) A condition in which the body does not have enough antibodies
Answer
(A) Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells.
Question 6
What is leukemia?
(A) A type of cancer that affects the white blood cells
(B) A type of cancer that affects the red blood cells
(C) A type of cancer that affects the platelets
(D) A type of cancer that affects the antibodies
Answer
(A) Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells.
Question 7
What is hemophilia?
(A) A condition in which the blood does not clot properly
(B) A condition in which the body does not produce enough red blood cells
(C) A condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells
(D) A condition in which the body does not produce enough platelets
Answer
(A) Hemophilia is a condition in which the blood does not clot properly.
Question 8
What is sickle cell anemia?
(A) A condition in which the red blood cells are shaped like sickles
(B) A condition in which the white blood cells are shaped like sickles
(C) A condition in which the platelets are shaped like sickles
(D) A condition in which the antibodies are shaped like sickles
Answer
(A) Sickle cell anemia is a condition in which the red blood cells are shaped like sickles.
Question 9
What is thalassemia?
(A) A condition in which the body does not produce enough hemoglobin
(B) A condition in which the body does not produce enough red blood cells
(C) A condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells
(D) A condition in which the body does not produce enough platelets
Answer
(A) Thalassemia is a condition in which the body does not produce enough hemoglobin.
Question 10
What is blood transfusion?
(A) A procedure in which blood is given to a person who is bleeding
(B) A procedure in which blood is taken from a person who is bleeding
(C) A procedure in which blood is donated to a Blood Bank
(D) A procedure in which blood is stored in a blood bank
Answer
(A) Blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a person who is bleeding.