Bihar Human Development Index

Bihar Human Development index

• Human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. But human development is also the objective, so it is both a process and an outcome.
• Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. In all this, economic Growth is an important means to human development, but not the end.
• Human development is the development of the people through building human capabilities, by the people through active participation in the processes that shape their lives and for the people by improving their lives.
• It is broader than other approaches, such as the human resource approach, the basic needs approach and the human welfare approach.
• The composite Human Development Index (HDI) integrates three basic dimensions of human development. Life expectancy at birth reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life. Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling reflect the ability to acquire knowledge. And gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living
• To measure human development more comprehensively, the Human Development Report also presents four other composite indices.
• The Inequality-adjusted HDI Discounts the HDI according to the extent of inequality. The Gender Development Index compares female and male HDI values.
• The Gender Inequality Index highlights Women’s Empowerment. And the Multidimensional POVERTY Index measures nonincome dimensions of poverty

Human development—a people-centred approach

• Human development is about acquiring more capabilities and enjoying more opportunities to use those capabilities. With more capabilities and opportunities, people have more choices, and expanding choices is at the core of the human development approach. But human development is also a process.
• Anchored in Human Rights, it is linked to human security. And its ultimate objective is to enlarge human freedoms. Human development is development of the people through the building of human Resources, for the people through the translation of development benefits in their lives and by the people through active participation in the processes that influence and shape their lives.
• Income is a means to human development but not an end in itself. The human development approach in the 1990 Human Development Report also introduced a composite index, the Human Development Index (HDI), for assessing achievements in the basic dimensions of human development. Those dimensions of human development are to lead a long and healthy life, measured by life expectancy at birth; to acquire knowledge, measured by mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling; and to achieve a decent standard of living, measured by gross national income per capita.

Life Expectancy at Birth

• The indicator of life expectancy at birth is used to measure the realised achievement in the Health dimension, that is, ‘to be able to live a long life’.
• The life expectancy at birth denotes the number of years that a child can expect to live at the time of birth, given the agespecific mortality rates in the Population.
• The life expectancy, however, is an indicator of very long-term improvement in health.
• For state of Bihar life expectancy at birth is about 68.1

Mean Years of Schooling

• Mean Years of Schooling (MYS) is one of the two indicators used to measure educational achievement in HDRs by UNDP.
• It replaced the Literacy rate as an indicator under the Education dimension in 2010. MYS indicates the Average number of completed years of education of a country’s population.
• Usually, MYS is estimated for populations aged 25 years and older, which is also the indicator used in the calculation of the HDI by UNDP
• Literacy
  • In Absolute Numbers– 5,96,75,607
    • Male– 3,99,78,955
    • Female– 1,97,96,652
  • Percentage of Total Population-69.83%
    • Male– 70.32%
    • Female– 53.57%
  • Percentage of Urban Population-81.9%
    • Male– 89.9%
    • Female– 72.6%
  • Percentage of Rural Population-53.9%
    • Male– 67.1%
    • Female– 39.6%

Highest Literacy Rate– Gaya – 75.59%

Lowest Literacy Rate -Purnia, 52.49%

Expected Years of Schooling

• EYS is a measure of the number of years of schooling a child at the start of his or her education is expected to receive, if current rates of enrolment are maintained throughout the child’s life.

Income Per Capita

• Income per capita is considered as an ‘indirect’ indicator of human development. The first HDR of UNDP (1990) observes that an indicator of ‘command over resources needed for a decent living’ requires data on access to land, credit, income and other sources.
• In 2010, instead of GDP per capita, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is taken as the indicator.
• For allowing cross-country comparison, the GNI per capita of the countries was adjusted by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) ratios.
• For Odisha state per capita income is about 63,200 (2017-18).

21st century skills

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The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country’s HDI value is a summary measure of its achievements in key areas of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living. The HDI is used to rank countries and track their progress over time.

Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the third-most populous state in India, with over 100 million people. Bihar is one of the poorest states in India, with a per capita income of just over $2,000. The state has a high rate of poverty and illiteracy.

The HDI for Bihar in 2020 was 0.624, which is below the average for India (0.643). This means that Bihar is a medium human development country. Bihar’s HDI rank in 2020 was 147 out of 189 countries.

The HDI for Bihar is made up of three components: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years that a newborn is expected to live. Mean years of schooling is the average number of years of schooling that a person has completed. Expected years of schooling is the average number of years of schooling that a child is expected to complete.

Bihar’s life expectancy at birth in 2020 was 67.2 years. This is below the average for India (69.3 years). Bihar’s mean years of schooling in 2020 was 7.2 years. This is also below the average for India (10.2 years). Bihar’s expected years of schooling in 2020 was 10.8 years. This is slightly above the average for India (10.2 years).

The HDI for Bihar has been increasing over time. In 1990, Bihar’s HDI was 0.414. This means that Bihar’s human development has improved significantly over the past 30 years. However, Bihar still has a long way to go to reach the level of human development of other states in India.

The HDI inequality-adjusted value for Bihar in 2020 was 0.553. This means that Bihar’s HDI would be higher if income inequality were not a factor. Bihar’s HDI inequality-adjusted rank in 2020 was 132 out of 189 countries.

The HDI inequality-adjusted value is calculated by taking the HDI value and adjusting it for income inequality. Income inequality is measured by the Gini coefficient, which ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 representing perfect Equality and 1 representing perfect inequality. Bihar’s Gini coefficient in 2020 was 32.6. This means that income inequality in Bihar is high.

The HDI is a useful tool for measuring human development. However, it is important to note that the HDI is just one measure of human development. There are many other factors that contribute to human development, such as health, education, and Gender Equality.

Here are some frequently asked questions about the Human Development Index (HDI) and short answers:

• What is the Human Development Index?
  The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

• What are the four tiers of human development?
  The four tiers of human development are: very high human development, high human development, medium human development, and low human development.

• What are the components of the HDI?
  The components of the HDI are: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, and expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.

• How is the HDI calculated?
  The HDI is calculated by taking the geometric mean of the normalized indices of life expectancy, education, and per capita income.

• What is the significance of the HDI?
  The HDI is a valuable tool for assessing the progress of human development and for identifying areas where improvements are needed. It is also a useful tool for comparing the level of human development across countries.

• What are some of the limitations of the HDI?
  Some of the limitations of the HDI include: it does not take into account inequality, it does not take into account environmental sustainability, and it is based on a limited number of indicators.

• What are some of the criticisms of the HDI?
  Some of the criticisms of the HDI include: it is too simplistic, it is biased towards developed countries, and it does not take into account cultural differences.

• What are some of the alternative measures of human development?
  Some of the alternative measures of human development include the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Development Index (GDI), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).

• What is the future of the HDI?
  The future of the HDI is uncertain. Some experts believe that it will continue to be used as a valuable tool for assessing human development, while others believe that it will be replaced by alternative measures.

Sure, here are some MCQs on the topics of human development, poverty, and inequality:

1. Which of the following is not a human development goal?
   (A) To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
   (B) To achieve universal primary education
   (C) To promote gender equality and empower women
   (D) To reduce child mortality
   (E) To improve maternal health

2. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite index of three dimensions of human development:
   (A) Life expectancy, education, and income
   (B) Income, health, and education
   (C) Health, education, and gender equality
   (D) Income, education, and gender equality
   (E) Life expectancy, health, and gender equality

3. The HDI is calculated by taking the average of the following three indices:
   (A) Life expectancy index, education index, and income index
   (B) Life expectancy index, education index, and gender equality index
   (C) Income index, health index, and education index
   (D) Income index, health index, and gender equality index
   (E) Life expectancy index, health index, and gender equality index

4. The HDI is a useful tool for measuring human development because it:
   (A) Is based on a comprehensive set of indicators
   (B) Is easy to understand and interpret
   (C) Is comparable across countries
   (D) All of the above

5. The HDI has been criticized for being:
   (A) Too focused on economic growth
   (B) Not taking into account inequality
   (C) Not taking into account environmental sustainability
   (D) All of the above

6. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight international development goals that were adopted by the United Nations in 2000. The MDGs aimed to:
   (A) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
   (B) Achieve universal primary education
   (C) Promote gender equality and empower women
   (D) Reduce child mortality
   (E) Improve maternal health
   (F) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
   (G) Ensure environmental sustainability
   (H) Develop a global PARTNERSHIP for development

7. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 international development goals that were adopted by the United Nations in 2015. The SDGs aim to:
   (A) Eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere
   (B) End hunger, achieve Food Security and improved Nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
   (C) Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
   (D) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
   (E) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
   (F) Reduce inequality within and among countries
   (G) Build resilient Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation
   (H) Reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in line with the Paris Agreement, and pursue sustainable development in all countries
   (I) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to Justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
   (J) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

8. The World Bank‘s Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) is a country-led development strategy that is designed to reduce poverty and promote sustainable development. The PRSP is based on a participatory process that involves the government, civil Society, and the private sector. The PRSP is designed to be a comprehensive and integrated strategy that addresses the root Causes of Poverty.

9. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of halving extreme poverty by 2015 was achieved five years ahead of schedule. The MDG of achieving universal primary education was also achieved ahead of schedule. However, the MDG of reducing child mortality by two-thirds was not achieved.

10. The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of ending poverty in all its forms everywhere by 2030 is a challenging but achievable goal. The SDG of achieving universal primary education by 2030 is also a challenging but achievable goal. However, the SDG of reducing child mortality by two-thirds by 2030 is a more difficult goal to achieve.