Basics of Computer

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Definition of digital computer, Elements of computer: Input unit, Output unit, Primary memory, Secondary memory and Processing unit.

 

 

  • Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. term computer is derived from the Latin term‘computare’, this means to calculateor programmable machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word ‘Computer’ usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
  • Charles Babbageis called the “Grand Father” of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

 

Digital Computer Definition

 

  • The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output Device, Central Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory. A Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips.

 

Four Functions about computer are:

 

accepts dataInput
processes dataProcessing
produces outputOutput
stores resultsStorage

 

Input (Data):

Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.

Process:

Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system.

Output:

Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.

 

All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:

Memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.

Mass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include solid state drives (SSDs) or disk drives and tape drives.

Input device: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.

Output device: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

Central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.

In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.

CPU (Processing Unit)

CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

Components of a CPU

The two typical components of a CPU include the following:

The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.

The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memoryand decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.

Relationship between the elements of the CPU, input and output, and storage

Printed Circuit Boards, Microprocessors

On large machines, the CPU requires one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970’s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.

The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard.

Each motherboard will support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer’s specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.

 

 

MEMORY

 

Memory is major part of computers that categories into several types. Memory is best storage part to the computer users to save information, programs and etc, The computer memory offer several kinds of storage media some of them can store data temporarily and some them can store permanently. Memory consists of instructions and the data saved into computer through Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Types of Computer Memory:

Memory is the best essential element of a computer because computer can’t perform simple tasks. The performance of computer mainly based on memory and CPU. Memory is internal storage media of computer that has several names such as majorly categorized into two types, Main memory and Secondary memory.

 

  1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.
  2. Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.

 

  1. Primary Memory / Volatile Memory:

 

Primary Memory also called as volatile memory because the memory can’t store the data permanently. Primary memory select any part of memory when user want to save the data in memory but that may not be store permanently on that location. It also has another name i.e. RAM.

Random Access Memory (RAM):

The primary storage is referred to as random access memory (RAM) due to the random selection of memory locations. It performs both read and write operations on memory. If power failures happened in systems during memory access then you will lose your data permanently. So, RAM is volatile memory. RAM categorized into following types.

DRAM

SRAM

DRDRAM

  1. Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory:

Secondary memory is external and permanent memory that is useful to store the external storage media such as floppy disk, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes and etc cache devices. Secondary memory deals with following types of components.

Read Only Memory (ROM) :

ROM is permanent memory location that offer huge types of standards to save data. But it work with read only operation. No data lose happen whenever power failure occur during the ROM memory work in computers.

ROM memory has several models such names are following.

  1. PROM:Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) maintains large storage media but can’t offer the erase features in ROM. This type of RO maintains PROM chips to write data once and read many. The programs or instructions designed in PROM can’t be erased by other programs.
  2. EPROM :Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory designed for recover the problems of PROM and ROM. Users can delete the data of EPROM thorough pass on ultraviolet Light and it erases chip is reprogrammed.
  3. EEPROM:Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory similar to the EPROM but it uses electrical beam for erase the data of ROM.

Cache Memory: Mina memory less than the access time of CPU so, the performance will decrease through less access time. Speed mismatch will decrease through maintain cache memory. Main memory can store huge amount of data but the cache memory normally kept small and low expensive cost. All types of external media like Magnetic disks, Magnetic drives and etc store in cache memory to provide quick access tools to the users.

 

 

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Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about computers:

  • What is a computer?
    A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks.

  • What are the different types of computers?
    There are many different types of computers, but they can be broadly divided into four categories: personal computers, mainframe computers, supercomputers, and embedded computers.

  • What are the components of a computer?
    The main components of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), the memory, the storage, the input/output devices, and the power supply.

  • How does a computer work?
    A computer works by following instructions that are stored in its memory. These instructions are called programs. When you run a program, the CPU fetches the instructions from memory and executes them one by one.

  • What are the different types of Software?
    There are many different types of software, but they can be broadly divided into two categories: system software and application software. System software is responsible for managing the computer’s hardware and Resources. Application software is used to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and games.

  • What are the different types of networks?
    There are many different types of networks, but they can be broadly divided into two categories: local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). LANs are networks that connect computers within a small area, such as an office or a home. WANs are networks that connect computers over long distances, such as across cities or countries.

  • What are the different types of security threats?
    There are many different types of security threats, but they can be broadly divided into two categories: malware and social engineering. Malware is software that is designed to damage or disable computers. Social engineering is a technique that is used to trick people into revealing confidential information.

  • How can I protect my computer from security threats?
    There are many ways to protect your computer from security threats, but some of the most important include using antivirus software, keeping your software up to date, and being careful about what websites you visit and what emails you open.

  • What are the different types of operating systems?
    There are many different types of operating systems, but some of the most popular include Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux. Operating systems are responsible for managing the computer’s hardware and resources, and they provide a platform for running application software.

  • What are the different types of programming languages?
    There are many different types of programming languages, but some of the most popular include Java, Python, and C++. Programming languages are used to write instructions for computers to follow.

  • What are the different types of databases?
    There are many different types of databases, but some of the most popular include MySQL, Oracle, and Microsoft SQL Server. Databases are used to store and manage data.

  • What are the different types of websites?
    There are many different types of websites, but some of the most common include personal websites, business websites, and E-Commerce websites. Websites are used to provide information, sell products or Services, or connect with people.

  • What are the different types of apps?
    There are many different types of apps, but some of the most popular include games, productivity apps, and Social Media apps. Apps are software programs that are designed to run on mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets.

  • What are the different types of cloud computing services?
    There are many different types of cloud computing services, but some of the most popular include Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Cloud computing services allow businesses to access computing resources, such as servers, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis.

  • What are the different types of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies?
    There are many different types of AI technologies, but some of the most popular include machine Learning, natural language processing, and computer vision. AI technologies are used to create intelligent systems that can learn from data, understand human language, and recognize objects in images.

  • What are the different types of big data technologies?
    There are many different types of big data technologies, but some of the most popular include Hadoop, Spark, and Hive. Big data technologies are used to store and analyze large amounts of data.

  • What are the different types of blockchain technologies?
    There are many different types of blockchain technologies, but some of the most popular include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Hyperledger. Blockchain technologies are used to create distributed ledgers that can be used to record transactions and track assets.

  1. What is the most common type of computer?
    (A) Desktop computer
    (B) Laptop computer
    (C) Tablet computer
    (D) Smartphone

  2. What is the main difference between a desktop computer and a laptop computer?
    (A) A desktop computer is typically larger and more powerful than a laptop computer.
    (B) A laptop computer is typically smaller and lighter than a desktop computer.
    (C) A laptop computer can be used on the go, while a desktop computer must be used in one location.
    (D) All of the above.

  3. What is the main difference between a tablet computer and a smartphone?
    (A) A tablet computer is typically larger and has a higher-resolution display than a smartphone.
    (B) A tablet computer does not have a phone number or cellular connectivity, while a smartphone does.
    (C) A tablet computer is typically used for tasks such as reading, watching Videos, and browsing the web, while a smartphone is typically used for tasks such as making phone calls, sending text messages, and accessing social media.
    (D) All of the above.

  4. What is the most common type of operating system for desktop computers?
    (A) Windows
    (B) macOS
    (C) Linux
    (D) Android

  5. What is the most common type of operating system for smartphones?
    (A) iOS
    (B) Android
    (C) Windows Phone
    (D) BlackBerry OS

  6. What is the most common type of application software for desktop computers?
    (A) Word processing software
    (B) Spreadsheet software
    (C) Presentation software
    (D) Database software

  7. What is the most common type of application software for smartphones?
    (A) Web browsers
    (B) Email clients
    (C) Social media apps
    (D) Games

  8. What is the most common type of hardware for desktop computers?
    (A) Monitor
    (B) Keyboard
    (C) Mouse
    (D) Printer

  9. What is the most common type of hardware for smartphones?
    (A) Display
    (B) Touchscreen
    (C) Camera
    (D) Battery

  10. What is the most common type of Network for connecting computers to the Internet?
    (A) Ethernet
    (B) Wi-Fi
    (C) Bluetooth
    (D) Cellular

  11. What is the most common type of file format for storing documents?
    (A) PDF
    (B) DOCX
    (C) XLSX
    (D) PPT

  12. What is the most common type of file format for storing images?
    (A) JPEG
    (B) PNG
    (C) GIF
    (D) BMP

  13. What is the most common type of file format for storing music?
    (A) MP3
    (B) WAV
    (C) FLAC
    (D) OGG

  14. What is the most common type of file format for storing videos?
    (A) MP4
    (B) MOV
    (C) WMV
    (D) AVI

  15. What is the most common type of search engine?
    (A) Google
    (B) Bing
    (C) Yahoo!
    (D) DuckDuckGo

  16. What is the most common type of social media platform?
    (A) Facebook
    (B) Twitter
    (C) Instagram
    (D) LinkedIn

  17. What is the most common type of email service provider?
    (A) Gmail
    (B) Outlook
    (C) Yahoo! Mail
    (D) AOL Mail

  18. What is the most common type of online payment service?
    (A) PayPal
    (B) Venmo
    (C) Square Cash
    (D) Apple Pay

  19. What is the most common type of cloud storage service?
    (A) Google Drive
    (B) Dropbox
    (C) iCloud
    (D) OneDrive

  20. What is the most common type of online shopping website?
    (A) Amazon
    (B) eBay
    (C) Walmart
    (D) Target