<–2/”>a >Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information. term computer is derived from the Latin term‘computare’, this means to calculateor programmable machine. Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits. The Word ‘Computer’ usually refers to the Center Processor Unit plus Internal memory.
Charles Babbageis called the “Grand Father” of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.
Digital Computer Definition
- The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output Device, Central Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory. A Typical modern computer uses LSI Chips.
Four Functions about computer are:
| accepts data | Input |
| processes data | Processing |
| produces output | Output |
| stores results | Storage |
Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process:
Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer system.
Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.
All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:
Memory: enables a computer to store, at least temporarily, data and programs.
Mass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include solid state drives (SSDs) or disk drives and tape drives.
Input device: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer.
Output device: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.
Central processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes instructions.
In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another.
CPU (Processing Unit)
CPU (pronounced as separate letters) is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor, but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.
Components of a CPU
The two typical components of a CPU include the following:
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU), which performs arithmetic and logical operations.
The control unit (CU), which extracts instructions from memoryand decodes and executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary.
Relationship between the Elements of the CPU, input and output, and storage
Printed Circuit Boards, Microprocessors
On large machines, the CPU requires one or more printed circuit boards. On personal computers and small workstations, the CPU is housed in a single chip called a microprocessor. Since the 1970’s the microprocessor class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other CPU implementations.
The CPU itself is an internal component of the computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard.
Each motherboard will support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer’s specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat.
MEMORY
Memory is major part of computers that categories into several types. Memory is best storage part to the computer users to save information, programs and etc, The computer memory offer several kinds of storage media some of them can store data temporarily and some them can store permanently. Memory consists of instructions and the data saved into computer through Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Types of Computer Memory:
Memory is the best essential element of a computer because computer can’t perform simple tasks. The performance of computer mainly based on memory and CPU. Memory is internal storage media of computer that has several names such as majorly categorized into two types, Main memory and Secondary memory.
- Primary Memory / Volatile Memory.
- Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory.
- Primary Memory / Volatile Memory:
Primary Memory also called as volatile memory because the memory can’t store the data permanently. Primary memory select any part of memory when user want to save the data in memory but that may not be store permanently on that location. It also has another name i.e. RAM.
Random Access Memory (RAM):
The primary storage is referred to as random access memory (RAM) due to the random selection of memory locations. It performs both read and write operations on memory. If power failures happened in systems during memory access then you will lose your data permanently. So, RAM is volatile memory. RAM categorized into following types.
DRAM
SRAM
DRDRAM
- Secondary Memory / Non Volatile Memory:
Secondary memory is external and permanent memory that is useful to store the external storage media such as floppy disk, magnetic disks, magnetic tapes and etc cache devices. Secondary memory deals with following types of components.
Read Only Memory (ROM) :
ROM is permanent memory location that offer huge types of standards to save data. But it work with read only operation. No data lose happen whenever power failure occur during the ROM memory work in computers.
ROM memory has several models such names are following.
- PROM:Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) maintains large storage media but can’t offer the erase features in ROM. This type of RO maintains PROM chips to write data once and read many. The programs or instructions designed in PROM can’t be erased by other programs.
- EPROM :Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory designed for recover the problems of PROM and ROM. Users can delete the data of EPROM thorough pass on ultraviolet Light and it erases chip is reprogrammed.
- EEPROM:Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory similar to the EPROM but it uses electrical beam for erase the data of ROM.
Cache Memory: Mina memory less than the access time of CPU so, the performance will decrease through less access time. Speed mismatch will decrease through maintain cache memory. Main memory can store huge amount of data but the cache memory normally kept small and low expensive cost. All types of external media like Magnetic disks, Magnetic drives and etc store in cache memory to provide quick access tools to the users.
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Computers are everywhere. They are in our homes, our workplaces, and even in our pockets. But what exactly are computers? And how do they work?
In this ARTICLE, we will take a look at the Basics of computers. We will discuss hardware, Software, operating systems, input/output devices, storage devices, networking, the Internet, security, ethics, computer applications, programming, careers in computing, and the future of computing.
Hardware
The hardware of a computer is the physical part of the computer. It includes the CPU, the memory, the hard drive, the monitor, the keyboard, and the mouse.
The CPU, or central processing unit, is the brain of the computer. It is responsible for carrying out the instructions that are stored in the computer’s memory.
The memory is where the computer stores data and instructions. There are two types of memory: RAM (random access memory) and ROM (read-only memory). RAM is temporary memory, which means that it is erased when the computer is turned off. ROM is permanent memory, which means that it is not erased when the computer is turned off.
The hard drive is where the computer stores files. Files can be anything from documents to music to Videos.
The monitor is the screen that displays the output from the computer.
The keyboard is the input device that is used to enter text into the computer.
The mouse is the input device that is used to move the cursor around on the screen and select items.
Software
The software of a computer is the programs that run on the computer. Software can be divided into two categories: system software and application software.
System software is the software that is responsible for managing the computer’s hardware and Resources. Examples of system software include the operating system and the drivers.
Application software is the software that is used to perform specific tasks. Examples of application software include word processors, spreadsheets, and web browsers.
Operating Systems
The operating system is the software that controls the computer’s hardware and resources. It provides a platform for other software to run on.
There are many different operating systems available, including Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android.
Input/Output Devices
Input/output devices are the devices that are used to enter data into the computer and to output data from the computer.
Input devices include the keyboard, the mouse, the scanner, and the microphone.
Output devices include the monitor, the printer, and the speakers.
Storage Devices
Storage devices are the devices that are used to store data on the computer.
Storage devices include the hard drive, the floppy disk, the CD-ROM, and the DVD-ROM.
Networking
Networking is the ability to connect computers together so that they can share information and resources.
There are many different types of networks, including local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), and the internet.
The Internet
The internet is a global Network of computers that are connected to each other. It allows users to access information and resources from anywhere in the world.
The internet is made up of millions of smaller networks, including corporate networks, academic networks, and government networks.
Security
Security is the protection of computer systems and data from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
There are many different threats to computer security, including viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and hackers.
Ethics
Computer ethics is the study of the moral issues that arise from the use of computers.
Some of the ethical issues that have been raised about computers include privacy, copyright infringement, and plagiarism.
Computer Applications
Computer applications are the programs that are used to perform specific tasks.
There are many different types of computer applications, including word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation software.
Programming
Programming is the process of writing instructions for a computer to follow.
Programming languages are used to write instructions for computers. Some of the most popular programming languages include Java, C++, and Python.
Careers in Computing
There are many different careers in computing, including software engineering, web development, and information technology.
Software engineers design and develop software applications. Web developers design and develop websites and web applications. Information technology professionals provide support for computer systems and networks.
The Future of Computing
The future of computing is very promising. New technologies are being developed all the time that are making computers more powerful and more versatile.
Some of the most promising technologies for the future of computing include Artificial Intelligence, quantum computing, and virtual reality.
Here are some frequently asked questions about computers and their short answers:
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that can be programmed to carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations automatically. Modern computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks.What are the different types of computers?
There are many different types of computers, but they can be broadly divided into two categories: personal computers and mainframe computers. Personal computers are designed for individual use, while mainframe computers are designed for use by large organizations.What are the components of a computer?
The main components of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), the memory, the storage, the input/output devices, and the power supply. The CPU is the brain of the computer and is responsible for carrying out the instructions in the programs. The memory stores the programs and data that the CPU needs to access. The storage stores the programs and data that the computer needs to access even when it is turned off. The input/output devices allow the user to interact with the computer. The power supply provides the power that the computer needs to operate.How does a computer work?
A computer works by following a set of instructions called a program. The program is stored in the memory of the computer and is executed by the CPU. The CPU fetches instructions from the memory, decodes them, and executes them. The CPU also performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. The results of these operations are stored in the memory or displayed on the screen.What are the benefits of using a computer?
There are many benefits of using a computer. Computers can be used for a variety of tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and games. They can also be used to access the internet, email, and Social Media. Computers can also be used to control other devices, such as printers, scanners, and cameras.What are the risks of using a computer?
There are some risks associated with using a computer. Computers can be infected with viruses, which can damage the computer or steal data. Computers can also be used to access pornography or other inappropriate material. Computers can also be used to commit fraud or identity theft.How can I protect myself from the risks of using a computer?
There are a number of things you can do to protect yourself from the risks of using a computer. You should install antivirus software and keep it up to date. You should also be careful about what websites you visit and what files you download. You should also use strong passwords and change them regularly.What is the future of computers?
The future of computers is very promising. Computers are becoming more powerful and more affordable. They are also becoming more portable and more user-friendly. Computers are being used in a variety of new and innovative ways, such as in Education, healthcare, and business. The future of computers is very exciting.
What is the most common type of computer?
(A) Desktop computer
(B) Laptop computer
(C) Tablet computer
(D) SmartphoneWhat is the main difference between a desktop computer and a laptop computer?
(A) A desktop computer is typically larger and more powerful than a laptop computer.
(B) A laptop computer is typically smaller and lighter than a desktop computer.
(C) A laptop computer can be used on the go, while a desktop computer must be used in one place.
(D) All of the above.What is the main difference between a tablet computer and a smartphone?
(A) A tablet computer is typically larger and has a larger screen than a smartphone.
(B) A tablet computer is typically used for tasks such as reading, watching videos, and playing games, while a smartphone is typically used for tasks such as making calls, sending text messages, and accessing the internet.
(C) A tablet computer does not have a phone number, while a smartphone does.
(D) All of the above.What is the most common type of operating system for desktop computers?
(A) Windows
(B) macOS
(C) Linux
(D) Chrome OSWhat is the most common type of operating system for smartphones?
(A) Android
(B) iOS
(C) Windows Phone
(D) BlackBerry OSWhat is the most common type of software for word processing?
(A) Microsoft Word
(B) Apple Pages
(C) Google Docs
(D) OpenOffice WriterWhat is the most common type of software for spreadsheets?
(A) Microsoft Excel
(B) Apple Numbers
(C) Google Sheets
(D) OpenOffice CalcWhat is the most common type of software for presentations?
(A) Microsoft PowerPoint
(B) Apple Keynote
(C) Google Slides
(D) OpenOffice ImpressWhat is the most common type of software for web browsing?
(A) Internet Explorer
(B) Firefox
(C) Chrome
(D) SafariWhat is the most common type of software for email?
(A) Microsoft Outlook
(B) Apple Mail
(C) Gmail
(D) Yahoo! MailWhat is the most common type of software for instant messaging?
(A) Skype
(B) Facebook Messenger
(C) WhatsApp
(D) SnapchatWhat is the most common type of software for social networking?
(A) Facebook
(B) Twitter
(C) Instagram
(D) LinkedInWhat is the most common type of software for gaming?
(A) Microsoft Windows
(B) macOS
(C) Linux
(D) SteamWhat is the most common type of software for music production?
(A) GarageBand
(B) Logic Pro
(C) FL Studio
(D) Ableton LiveWhat is the most common type of software for video editing?
(A) Adobe Premiere Pro
(B) Final Cut Pro
(C) Sony Vegas Pro
(D) DaVinci ResolveWhat is the most common type of software for 3D modeling?
(A) Autodesk Maya
(B) Autodesk 3ds Max
(C) Blender
(D) Cinema 4DWhat is the most common type of software for programming?
(A) C++
(B) Java
(C) Python
(D) JavaScriptWhat is the most common type of software for web development?
(A) HTML
(B) CSS
(C) JavaScript
(D) PHPWhat is the most common type of software for Database management?
(A) MySQL
(B) Oracle
(C) Microsoft SQL Server
(D) PostgreSQLWhat is the most common type of software for project management?
(A) Microsoft Project
(B) Oracle Primavera P6
(C) SAP Project System
(D) Jira