Notes and Study material for Exams
rawan239India as a signatory to United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) has submitted four National Reports to UNCCD in the years 2000, 2002, 2006 and 2010 Some of the major programmes currently implemented that address issues related to land degradation and desertification is:- Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP), National Afforestation Programme (NAP), National Mission for … Read more
Cold desert of India include areas of ladak, leh and kargil of kashmir and spiti valley of Himachal Pradesh and some parts of northern Uttaranchal and Sikkim. Lies in rain shadow of Himalaya Oak, pine, deodar, birch and rhododendron are the important trees and bushes found there. Major animal include yaks, dwarf cows, and … Read more
Forest types in India are classified by Champion and Seth into sixteen types. Tropical Wet evergreen forests are found along the Western Ghats, the Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the north-eastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight Evergreen trees. The trees in this forest form a tier pattern: Beautiful fern … Read more
a universal process of directional change in vegetation, on an ecological time scale. occurs when a series of communities replace one another due to large scale destruction either natural or manmade. continously -one community replacing another community, until a stable, mature community develops. The first plant to colonise an area is called the pioneer … Read more
Movement of these pollutants involves two main processes: Bioaccumulation refers to how pollutants enter a food chain. there is an increase in concentration of a pollutant from the Environment to the first organism in a food chain. Biomagnification refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic … Read more
ENERGY FLOW- Energy is the basic force responsible for all metabolic activities. The flow of energy from producer to top consumers is called energy flow which is unidirectional. Energy flows through the trophic levels: from producers to subsequent trophic levels. There is a loss of some energy in the form of unusable heat at … Read more
Biosphere is a part of the earth where life can exist. represents a highly integrated and interacting zone comprising of Atmosphere (air), hydrosphere (water) and lithosphere (land) Life in the biosphere is abundant between 200 metres (660 feet) below the surface of the ocean and about 6,000 metres (20,000 feet) above sea level. absent at … Read more
Aquatic systems are not called biomes, The major differences between the various aquatic zones are due to salinity, levels of dissolved nutrients; water temperature, depth of sunlight penetration. Fresh Water Ecosystem-Fresh water ecosystem are classified as lotic (moving water) or lentic (still or stagnant water). Marine Ecosystem- Estuaries-Coastal bays, river mouths and … Read more
Biome The terrestrial part of the Biosphere is divisible into enormous regions called biomes, which are characterized, by Climate, vegetation, animal life and general Soil type. No two biomes are alike. The most important climatic factors are temperature and Precipitation. Tundra– Northern most region adjoining the ice bound poles. Devoid of trees except stunted shrubs … Read more
Niche:- a description of all the biological, physical and chemical factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy and reproduce. No two species have exact identical niches. Niche plays an important role in conservation of organisms. Types of Niche Habitat niche – where it lives Food niche – what is eats or decomposes … Read more