Applications of Science and Technology in Social and Economic development

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Professor Freeman J. Dyson, of Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, in his book “Infinite in all Directions,” had this to say about Technology: “Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of Life, it is perhaps the greatest of God’s gifts. It is the mother of civilization, of Arts and of Sciences. Technology continues to grow to liberate mankind from the constraints of the past. The most revolutionary aspect of technology is its mobility. Anybody can learn it. It jumps easily over barriers of race and language. And its mobility is still increasing.”

Developments in science and technology are fundamentally altering the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on Economic Development.
To promote tech advance, developing countries should invest in quality Education for youth, and continuous skills training for workers and managers.
Science and technology are key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in Health systems, education and Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE.
The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology.
Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge.
Through breakthroughs in health Services and education, these technologies have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries. Eradicating malaria, a scourge of the African continent for centuries, is now possible.
Cures for other diseases which are endemic in developing countries are also now possible, allowing people with debilitating conditions to live healthy and productive lives.
Access and application are critical. Service and technology are the differentiators between countries that are able to tackle POVERTY effectively by growing and developing their economies, and those that are not.
The extent to which developing economies emerge as economic powerhouses depends on their ability to grasp and apply insights from science and technology and use them creatively. Innovation is the primary driver of technological Growth and drives higher living standards.
As an engine of growth, the potential of technology is endless, and still largely untapped in Africa and other developing world regions across the globe. Less developed countries not only lack skilled labour and capital, but also use these less efficiently.
Inputs account for less than half of the differences in per capita income across nations. The rest is due to the inability to adopt and adapt technologies to raise productivity.
Computing for example, through unlocking infrastructure backlogs and managing integrated supply chains, can transform economic performance by enabling affordable and accessible services in education and healthcare.
The combination of computers and the Internet, and mobile devices and the “cloud”, has transformed human experience, empowering individuals through access to knowledge and markets, changing the relationship between citizens and those in authority, as well as allowing new communities to emerge in virtual worlds that span the globe

Role of science and technology for future development

The role of science and technology in a future Society/”>Indian Society may be broadly stated as one of meeting felt needs by technological innovation and scientific advancement and of realizing long-term national goals for the next century. These goals fall under the following headings:

To ensure national security and social stability-

For a country like India, conserving energy and oil-substitutable energy is vital. Food technology is similarly important to maintain social stability.
Science and technology are expected to play a vitally important role in ensuring national security and social stability.

To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its efficiency

In the past, Technological Progress made only a minor contribution to the growth of NATIONAL INCOME, and this should be changed.
Furthermore, the technological gap with developed countries should be reduced in certain strategically selected areas.

To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society

Societal change to an information society will demand the development of information-related industries centred around micro-electronics, communications, computers, etc.
Moreover, reducing the labour component of production systems through automation technology will require re-education of displaced labour.

To improve the Quality Of Life

Technology in areas of public health such as disease control, medicine and medical electronics needs to be developed.
Another area is the protection of the Environment for better dwelling conditions on the one hand, and for increased productivity of the land on the other.
Development of information technology directly related to daily living, it should be noted, will increase social benefits, and this in turn will help reduce Urbanization.
The preference for urban living will disappear with the development of an information system on a nationwide scale.

To create a new culture suitable for the new society

A conflict between traditional cultural values and progressive contemporary values has existed in Indian society during the recent process of industrialization.
A national consensus should be created for the development of science and technology.
Another far-reaching goal of science and technology is the creation of a new culture for the next century

Long-term goal of S&T development

The long-term goal of science and technology should be in accordance with that of national development.
Because of the limitation in available Resources, priority areas should be established through consideration of, among other things, national needs and comparative advantage.
The role of S&T is to lead national development and to support socio-economic needs.
The priority areas that have been identified are:
Development of electronics, information, and Communication technologies.
Development of selected high technologies to lead the industrial structure adjustment.
Development of key technologies to increase the international competitiveness of existing Korean industries.
Development of technologies related to resources, energy, and food for social and economic stability.
Development of technology in the area of health care, environmental protection, and social information systems to improve the quality of life and social benefits.
Fostering of creative basic research to promote scientific advancement and to expand sources of technological innovation.
These priority areas were identified using the following basic criteria:
- Economic return and growth potential in view of limited development resources.
- Probability of success in view of development capability and experience.
- Indispensability in relation to national security and socio-economic stability.
- Industrial and technological linkage.
- Future contribution in relation to public welfare and new industrial possibilities.

Science and Technology Role in Industrial Development

India is aggressively working towards establishing itself as a leader in industrialisation and technological development.
Significant developments in the Nuclear Energy sector are likely as India looks to expand its nuclear capacity. Moreover, Nanotechnology is expected to transform the Indian pharmaceutical Industry.
The agriculture sector is also likely to undergo a major revamp, with the government investing heavily for the technology-driven Green Revolution.
Government of India, through the Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) Policy-2013, among other things, aspires to position India among the world’s top five scientific powers.
Industrial development encourages the development of science and technology. The industrial enterprises conduct research and develop new products. Ethanol in the form of biofuel is an example of industrial development.
Industry conducts research on its wastes and develops byproducts like biodiesel from Jatropha seeds.
Due to industrialisation, we have made progress in atomic science, satellite communication and missiles etc

Government Initiatives

A five year technology fund with US$ 4 million yearly Investment, called Israel India Innovation Initiative Fund (I4F), has been launched by India and Israel to boost bilateral ties.
Mr Nitin Gadkari, Minister for Road Transport, Highways and Shipping, Government of India, is planning to introduce biofuel vehicles for road and water transportation on a large scale and has already directed NITI Aayog to conduct a research on methanol-powered vessels like cars and ships developed by China.
The Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India has launched a scheme named ‘Visiting Advanced Joint Research Faculty’ (VAJRA), in a bid to bring together the Indian scientists abroad and India-based researchers for conducting joint researches in India.
The Government of India aims to develop India into a global innovation hub by 2020 on the back of effective government measures taken to provide an enabling environment for growing research and development in India, says Mr Y. S. Chowdary, Minister of State for Science and Technology & Earth Sciences, Government of India.

Developments/Investments:

With support from the government, considerable investment and development has incurred in different sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, space research, and nuclear power through scientific research.
For instance, India is gradually becoming self-reliant in nuclear technology.
Recently, the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit-1 (KKNPP 1) with 1,000 MW capacity was commissioned, while the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Project Unit-2 (KKNPP-2) with 1,000 MW capacity is under commissioning.

Role of Science and Technology in Urbanisation

Urbanization is a key environmental issue as well.
The rapid pace at which urbanization is taking place in the developing world has an impact on Climate change and other global environmental issues.
Cities account for more than two-thirds of the global energy demand and result in up to 80 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions.
The urban planning and investment choices that a few large developing countries will make therefore represent one of the most important environmental issues of the twenty-first century.
Entire new industries are forming with the aim of switching to clean and renewable energies and managing the world’s resources in a more efficient manner, primarily in developed countries but also in the developing world.

Role of science, technology and innovation in the urban context

Science, technology and innovation are key Elements of sustainable urbanization and will play a growing role as such. Their use may not solve all urbanization problems, yet can provide a multitude of solutions that can be leveraged by cities.
The use of science, technology and innovation in the urban context implies the application of both high and low technology and innovative approaches to urban planning and institutional innovation.
Science, technology and innovation approaches are widely available for cities to draw upon, yet cities are complex structures that require integrated responses to their problems and there are sometimes difficulties related to such integration.
Urban systems need to be designed with multiple uses in mind. Science, technology and innovation offer a range of related Options, including high technology, low technology and innovative governance.
Combining science, technology and innovation to solve urban problems is often contextual, although there are several good practices to draw upon from cities across the globe.
Science, technology and innovation contribute to sustainable urbanization in a variety of ways, including with regard to new capabilities in spatial planning, socioeconomic research, and enhancing cooperation between urban departments, optimizing mobility and enabling sustainable resource management.
A science, technology and innovation-oriented mindset also brings about innovative models of thinking in urban governance, such as for participatory BUDGETING and regional urban planning.
Finally, science, technology and innovation contribute to social inclusion by improving the tools available to urban planners to respond to the needs of excluded groups and to increase sensitivity to Equality/”>Gender Equality.
Each urban setting faces different challenges and has different technology needs. In some cases, inexpensive and readily available technologies may be the best solution to urban problems.
For example, intermodal transport services can be designed without necessarily requiring expensive high technology means of transport.
Promoting bicycles, an affordable, healthy, clean and energy-efficient technology, may be the best option to improve mobility in many cities, for both younger and older citizens.
Furthermore, innovation, which in the urban context may refer to any new method, business model, policy, institutional design or regulation, could meet the needs of urban populations in a more efficient, effective and sustainable way.
For instance, improved rules or legislation, as well as improved institutions, stakeholder participation models and new means of delivering services, can contribute to sustainable urbanization.
As a final point, high technology, low technology and urban innovation can also be integrated to address a specific urban issue in harmony

Sustainable urban resource management by Science and Technology

Science, technology and innovation for urban energy conservation
Science, technology and innovation for Waste Management
Science, technology and innovation for resource-efficient buildings
Science, technology and innovation for water and agriculture– Urban farming and market gardening, Water technologies, Phyto-remediation

Science and technology have played a major role in the development of human society. From the invention of the wheel to the development of the internet, science and technology have made our lives easier, more efficient, and more connected.

In recent years, there has been a growing focus on the use of science and technology to promote social and economic development. This is due in part to the recognition that science and technology can be used to address some of the world’s most pressing problems, such as poverty, hunger, and disease.

There are many ways in which science and technology can be used to promote social and economic development. Some of the most important applications include:

Agriculture: Science and technology can be used to improve agricultural productivity, which can help to reduce poverty and hunger. For example, new agricultural technologies can help farmers to grow more food with less land and water.
Biotechnology: Biotechnology can be used to develop new products and services that can improve people’s lives. For example, biotechnology can be used to develop new medicines, biofuels, and crops.
Communication: Communication technologies can be used to connect people and share information, which can help to promote economic development. For example, the internet can be used to connect businesses with customers, and mobile phones can be used to provide financial services to people in rural areas.
Education: Science and technology can be used to improve education, which can help people to develop the skills they need to get better jobs. For example, online education can provide people with access to high-quality education, regardless of their location.
Energy: Science and technology can be used to develop new sources of energy, which can help to reduce pollution and improve air quality. For example, solar and wind power are becoming increasingly affordable, and they can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
Environment: Science and technology can be used to protect the environment, which can help to ensure the sustainability of our planet. For example, new technologies can be used to clean up pollution, and to develop RENEWABLE ENERGY sources.
Health: Science and technology can be used to improve health, which can help people to live longer, healthier lives. For example, new medical technologies can be used to diagnose and treat diseases, and to develop new Vaccines.
Information and communication technology (ICT): ICT can be used to improve the delivery of government services, which can help to make government more efficient and effective. For example, e-government can be used to provide citizens with access to government services online.
Manufacturing: Science and technology can be used to improve manufacturing processes, which can help to reduce costs and improve quality. For example, new manufacturing technologies can be used to produce products with less waste.
Materials: Science and technology can be used to develop new materials, which can be used to create new products and services. For example, new materials can be used to develop lighter, stronger, and more durable products.
Mining: Science and technology can be used to improve mining operations, which can help to reduce environmental impact and improve safety. For example, new mining technologies can be used to extract Minerals with less waste.
Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology can be used to develop new products and services with a wide range of applications. For example, nanotechnology can be used to develop new medicines, cosmetics, and materials.
Nuclear energy: Nuclear energy can be used to generate electricity, which can help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. For example, nuclear power Plants can be used to generate electricity without producing greenhouse gases.
Pharmaceuticals: Science and technology can be used to develop new medicines, which can help to treat and prevent diseases. For example, new drugs can be developed to treat cancer, heart disease, and other chronic diseases.
Robotics: Robotics can be used to automate tasks, which can help to improve efficiency and productivity. For example, robots can be used to assemble products, clean floors, and perform surgery.
Transportation: Science and technology can be used to improve transportation systems, which can help to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality. For example, new transportation technologies can be used to develop self-driving cars and high-speed rail.
Waste management: Science and technology can be used to improve waste management systems, which can help to reduce pollution and protect the environment. For example, new technologies can be used to recycle waste, and to convert waste into energy.
Water Resources: Science and technology can be used to improve water management systems, which can help to ensure that everyone has access to clean water. For example, new technologies can be used to desalinate seawater, and to improve Irrigation systems.

These are just a few examples of the many ways in which science and technology can be used to promote social and economic development. By using science and technology wisely, we can create a better future for all.

What are the applications of science and technology in social and economic development?

Science and technology have a wide range of applications in social and economic development. Some of the most important applications include:

Agriculture: Science and technology have revolutionized agriculture, leading to higher crop yields and improved Food Security. For example, the development of new crop varieties and agricultural techniques has helped to increase food production around the world.
Health: Science and technology have also had a major impact on health, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment of diseases. For example, the development of new vaccines and drugs has helped to reduce the incidence of many diseases.
Education: Science and technology have also transformed education, making it more accessible and effective. For example, the development of online Learning platforms has made it possible for people to learn from anywhere in the world.
Energy: Science and technology are also playing a major role in the development of new energy sources, such as solar and wind power. These new energy sources have the potential to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and help to protect the environment.
Transportation: Science and technology have also revolutionized transportation, making it faster and more efficient. For example, the development of new aircraft and high-speed rail systems has made it possible to travel long distances more quickly and easily.
Communication: Science and technology have also had a major impact on communication, making it possible to connect with people all over the world instantly. For example, the development of the internet and Social Media has made it possible to stay in touch with friends and family, no matter where they are in the world.

These are just a few of the many ways in which science and technology are being used to promote social and economic development. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative and transformative applications in the years to come.

What are the benefits of science and technology?

Science and technology have many benefits for society. Some of the most important benefits include:

Improved health: Science and technology have led to major improvements in health, including the development of new vaccines and drugs, the development of new medical procedures, and the development of new diagnostic tools.
Increased productivity: Science and technology have led to increased productivity in many industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, and services. This has led to higher standards of living for many people.
Improved education: Science and technology have led to improved education, including the development of new teaching methods, the development of new educational materials, and the development of new educational technologies. This has led to a more educated workforce and a more informed citizenry.
Reduced environmental impact: Science and technology have led to reduced environmental impact, including the development of new energy sources, the development of new pollution control technologies, and the development of new recycling technologies. This has helped to protect the environment and improve the quality of life for many people.
Increased leisure time: Science and technology have led to increased leisure time, including the development of new entertainment technologies, the development of new travel technologies, and the development of new communication technologies. This has allowed people to enjoy more free time and to spend more time with their families and friends.

These are just a few of the many benefits of science and technology. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see even more benefits in the years to come.

What are the challenges of science and technology?

Science and technology also pose some challenges for society. Some of the most important challenges include:

The risk of technological Unemployment: As technology advances, it is possible that some jobs will be automated, leading to technological unemployment. This could lead to social unrest and economic instability.
The risk of environmental damage: Science and technology can also lead to environmental damage, such as pollution and Climate Change. This could have a devastating impact on the planet and on human health.
The risk of misuse of technology: Technology can also be misused for harmful purposes, such as terrorism and crime. This could pose a serious threat to security and safety.
The risk of social inequality: Science and technology can also lead to social inequality, as those who have access to technology may have an advantage over those who do not. This could lead to a widening of the gap between the rich and the poor.

These are just a few of the challenges posed by science and technology. It is important to be aware of these challenges and to take steps to address them.

Question 1

Which of the following is not an application of science and technology in social and economic development?

(A) Agriculture
(B) Healthcare
(C) Education
(D) Transportation

Answer (D)

Transportation is not an application of science and technology in social and economic development. It is a means of transportation, which is a way of moving people or goods from one place to another.

Question 2

Which of the following is not a benefit of science and technology in social and economic development?

(A) Increased productivity
(B) Improved health
(C) Reduced poverty
(D) Increased pollution

Answer (D)

Increased pollution is not a benefit of science and technology in social and economic development. Pollution is the contamination of the physical and biological components of the Earth/Atmosphere system to such an extent that normal environmental processes are adversely affected.

Question 3

Which of the following is not a challenge of science and technology in social and economic development?

(A) The digital divide
(B) The brain drain
(C) The environmental impact
(D) The ethical implications

Answer (B)

The brain drain is not a challenge of science and technology in social and economic development. The brain drain is the emigration of a large number of skilled professionals from a country, especially to developed countries.

Question 4

Which of the following is not a way to address the challenges of science and technology in social and economic development?

(A) Investing in education and training
(B) Promoting research and development
(C) Regulating the use of technology
(D) Banning the use of technology

Answer (D)

Banning the use of technology is not a way to address the challenges of science and technology in social and economic development. Technology is a tool that can be used for good or evil. It is important to regulate the use of technology so that it is used for the benefit of society.

Question 5

Which of the following is the most important factor in the development of science and technology?

(A) Human ingenuity
(B) Government funding
(C) Private investment
(D) Access to Natural Resources

Answer (A)

Human ingenuity is the most important factor in the development of science and technology. Humans are the ones who create new ideas and technologies. Government funding, private investment, and access to natural resources can all help to support the development of science and technology, but they are not the most important factors.