Sankardev

Sankardev: The Renaissance Man of Assam

Sankardev (1449-1568), a towering figure in Assamese history and culture, was a polymath whose influence transcended religious, literary, and social spheres. He was a philosopher, theologian, playwright, poet, social reformer, and the founder of the Vaishnavite Eka Sarana Dharma, a unique religious movement that continues to shape the cultural landscape of Assam. This article delves into the life, teachings, and enduring legacy of Sankardev, exploring his multifaceted contributions to Assamese society.

Early Life and Influences:

Sankardev was born in the village of Patbausi in present-day Nagaon district of Assam. His father, Kusumdhwaj, was a prominent figure in the Koch kingdom, while his mother, Padumvati, was known for her piety and devotion. Sankardev’s early education was steeped in the traditional Hindu scriptures, including the Bhagavad Gita, Ramayana, and Mahabharata. He was also exposed to the teachings of the medieval Vaishnavite saints like Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Ramananda.

At the age of 14, Sankardev experienced a profound spiritual awakening, leading him to renounce worldly pursuits and embark on a journey of self-discovery. He traveled extensively across Assam and Bengal, seeking knowledge and spiritual guidance from various religious leaders. This period of wandering and introspection shaped his philosophical outlook and laid the foundation for his future teachings.

The Birth of Eka Sarana Dharma:

Sankardev’s teachings were rooted in the principles of Vaishnavism, but he also incorporated elements of other religious traditions, including Buddhism and Shaivism. He emphasized the concept of “Eka Sarana,” meaning “one refuge,” which referred to the absolute surrender to Lord Krishna as the sole path to salvation. This concept formed the core of his new religious movement, Eka Sarana Dharma.

Key Teachings of Eka Sarana Dharma:

• Bhakti Yoga: Sankardev stressed the importance of devotional love and surrender to God, emphasizing the path of Bhakti Yoga. He believed that through sincere devotion and selfless service, one could attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• Equality and Social Justice: Sankardev strongly condemned caste discrimination and advocated for social equality. He preached the message of universal brotherhood and emphasized the importance of treating all beings with respect and compassion.
• Non-violence and Vegetarianism: Sankardev was a staunch advocate for non-violence and vegetarianism. He believed that all living beings deserved to be treated with kindness and that violence against any creature was a sin.
• Simplicity and Self-Discipline: Sankardev emphasized the importance of living a simple life, free from material attachments and worldly desires. He encouraged his followers to practice self-discipline, humility, and contentment.

Literary Contributions:

Sankardev was a prolific writer and poet, contributing significantly to the development of Assamese literature. He wrote numerous plays, poems, devotional songs, and philosophical treatises, all of which are deeply rooted in his religious beliefs and social ideals.

Notable Works:

• Kirtan Ghosa: A collection of devotional songs that are still sung in Assam today.
• Ankia Nat: A collection of one-act plays that depict stories from Hindu mythology and epics.
• Bhagavata Purana: A translation of the Bhagavata Purana into Assamese, which is considered a masterpiece of Assamese literature.
• Ramayana: A translation of the Ramayana into Assamese, which is widely read and performed in Assam.

Social Reforms:

Sankardev’s teachings had a profound impact on Assamese society, leading to significant social reforms. He challenged the existing social hierarchy, advocating for the upliftment of the downtrodden and the abolition of caste-based discrimination. He also encouraged the practice of widow remarriage and discouraged the practice of sati.

Establishment of Satras:

To spread his teachings and provide a platform for his followers to practice their faith, Sankardev established a network of monastic institutions called “Satras.” These Satras served as centers of learning, religious practice, and social service. They played a crucial role in preserving Assamese culture and tradition, promoting education, and providing social welfare to the community.

Legacy and Influence:

Sankardev’s legacy continues to inspire and influence people in Assam and beyond. His teachings on Bhakti Yoga, social equality, and non-violence have resonated with generations of followers. The Satras he established remain active centers of religious and cultural life, preserving the traditions and values he championed.

Table 1: Key Teachings of Sankardev

Table 2: Major Works of Sankardev

Conclusion:

Sankardev was a visionary leader and a true Renaissance man who left an indelible mark on Assamese society. His teachings on Bhakti Yoga, social equality, and non-violence continue to inspire and guide people today. His literary contributions enriched Assamese literature, while the Satras he established remain vibrant centers of cultural and religious life. Sankardev’s legacy is a testament to the power of faith, compassion, and social reform, reminding us of the importance of striving for a just and equitable society.

Here are some frequently asked questions about Sankardev:

1. Who was Sankardev?

Sankardev (1449-1568) was a 15th-16th century Assamese polymath, philosopher, theologian, playwright, poet, social reformer, and the founder of the Vaishnavite Eka Sarana Dharma. He is considered one of the most influential figures in Assamese history and culture.

2. What is Eka Sarana Dharma?

Eka Sarana Dharma is a unique Vaishnavite religious movement founded by Sankardev. It emphasizes the concept of “Eka Sarana” meaning “one refuge,” which refers to the absolute surrender to Lord Krishna as the sole path to salvation. It incorporates elements of other religious traditions like Buddhism and Shaivism.

3. What are Sankardev’s key teachings?

Sankardev’s teachings emphasize:

• Bhakti Yoga: The path of devotional love and surrender to God.
• Equality and Social Justice: Condemnation of caste discrimination and advocacy for social equality.
• Non-violence and Vegetarianism: Belief in treating all living beings with kindness and avoiding violence.
• Simplicity and Self-Discipline: Emphasis on living a simple life, free from material attachments and worldly desires.

4. What are some of Sankardev’s famous literary works?

Sankardev was a prolific writer and poet. Some of his notable works include:

• Kirtan Ghosa: A collection of devotional songs.
• Ankia Nat: A collection of one-act plays based on Hindu mythology and epics.
• Bhagavata Purana: A translation of the Bhagavata Purana into Assamese.
• Ramayana: A translation of the Ramayana into Assamese.

5. What are Satras?

Satras are monastic institutions established by Sankardev to spread his teachings and provide a platform for his followers to practice their faith. They serve as centers of learning, religious practice, and social service, playing a crucial role in preserving Assamese culture and tradition.

6. What is the significance of Sankardev’s legacy?

Sankardev’s legacy continues to inspire and influence people in Assam and beyond. His teachings on Bhakti Yoga, social equality, and non-violence have resonated with generations of followers. The Satras he established remain active centers of religious and cultural life, preserving the traditions and values he championed.

7. How is Sankardev celebrated in Assam?

Sankardev is revered as a saint and a cultural icon in Assam. His birthday is celebrated as a state holiday, and numerous festivals and events are held in his honor throughout the year. His teachings and legacy are deeply ingrained in Assamese society and continue to shape the cultural landscape of the region.

Here are some multiple-choice questions about Sankardev, with four options each:

1. Sankardev was born in which village in Assam?

a) Guwahati
b) Sibsagar
c) Jorhat
d) Patbausi

2. What is the name of the religious movement founded by Sankardev?

a) Brahma Samaj
b) Arya Samaj
c) Eka Sarana Dharma
d) Kabir Panth

3. Which of these is NOT a key teaching of Sankardev?

a) Bhakti Yoga
b) Caste system
c) Non-violence
d) Simplicity and Self-Discipline

4. Which of these is a famous collection of devotional songs written by Sankardev?

a) Ramayana
b) Bhagavata Purana
c) Kirtan Ghosa
d) Ankia Nat

5. What are the monastic institutions established by Sankardev called?

a) Ashrams
b) Mathas
c) Satras
d) Temples

6. Which of these is NOT a literary work attributed to Sankardev?

a) Kirtan Ghosa
b) Ankia Nat
c) Gita Govinda
d) Bhagavata Purana

7. Sankardev’s teachings emphasized the importance of:

a) Material wealth
b) Social hierarchy
c) Equality and social justice
d) Violence and aggression

8. Which of these is a significant contribution of Sankardev to Assamese society?

a) Introduction of Islam
b) Establishment of the British Raj
c) Promotion of education and social welfare
d) Suppression of the Assamese language

Answers:

1. d) Patbausi
2. c) Eka Sarana Dharma
3. b) Caste system
4. c) Kirtan Ghosa
5. c) Satras
6. c) Gita Govinda
7. c) Equality and social justice
8. c) Promotion of education and social welfare