Sects/ School of Jainism

The Many Faces of Jainism: Exploring the Sects and Schools

Jainism, an ancient Indian religion, is renowned for its emphasis on non-violence, self-discipline, and the pursuit of liberation from the cycle of birth and death. While sharing a core set of beliefs, Jainism exhibits a fascinating diversity within its own framework, with various sects and schools interpreting and practicing the faith in unique ways. This article delves into the rich tapestry of Jainism, exploring the major sects and schools, their key differences, and the historical and philosophical underpinnings that shape their distinct identities.

The Two Major Sects: Digambara and Svetambara

The most prominent division within Jainism is between the Digambara and Svetambara sects. These two sects, while sharing the fundamental tenets of Jainism, differ significantly in their practices and interpretations of certain doctrines.

Digambara (meaning “sky-clad”) is known for its austere lifestyle. Digambara monks and nuns renounce all material possessions, including clothing, and live a life of complete nudity. They believe in the inherent purity of the body and reject the use of any external coverings. They also abstain from all forms of violence, including the consumption of any food that might have been prepared with the use of fire. This strict adherence to non-violence extends to even the smallest living creatures, leading them to meticulously sweep the ground before walking to avoid stepping on insects.

Svetambara (meaning “white-clad”) monks and nuns, on the other hand, wear white robes and are permitted to possess certain essential items, such as a water pot and a broom. They also allow the consumption of food that has been cooked with fire, as long as it has not been specifically prepared for them. While still emphasizing non-violence, the Svetambara sect is generally considered to be more lenient in its interpretation of certain practices.

Table 1: Key Differences between Digambara and Svetambara

Schools within the Svetambara Sect

The Svetambara sect further divides into various schools, each with its own unique interpretations and practices. Some of the prominent schools include:

1. Murtipujaka: This school, the largest within the Svetambara sect, emphasizes the worship of Tirthankaras (enlightened beings) through the use of idols. They believe that the presence of a Tirthankara’s image facilitates devotion and spiritual growth.

2. Sthanakvasi: This school rejects the use of idols and emphasizes the importance of self-reliance and individual spiritual practice. They believe that the true path to liberation lies in introspection and personal effort, rather than relying on external objects or rituals.

3. Terapanthi: This school, founded by a 16th-century Jain monk, emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to non-violence and the practice of “ahimsa” (non-harming) in all aspects of life. They are known for their strict vegetarianism and their commitment to avoiding any form of violence, even in thought.

4. Bisnupuri: This school, a relatively small group, is known for its emphasis on the importance of rituals and ceremonies. They believe that these rituals are essential for maintaining the purity of the faith and for connecting with the divine.

Table 2: Key Differences between Svetambara Schools

Historical and Philosophical Roots of the Sects and Schools

The emergence of different sects and schools within Jainism can be traced back to historical and philosophical factors.

1. Historical Factors:

• Early Divisions: The earliest documented division within Jainism occurred around the 1st century CE, with the emergence of the Digambara and Svetambara sects. This division likely stemmed from differences in interpretation of the teachings of Mahavira, the last Tirthankara, and the subsequent development of distinct monastic traditions.
• Social and Political Influences: The rise of different schools within the Svetambara sect can be attributed to social and political factors. The Sthanakvasi school, for instance, emerged in the 15th century CE as a reaction against the growing influence of the Murtipujaka school, which was seen as being too ritualistic and hierarchical.
• Reforms and Innovations: The Terapanthi school, founded in the 16th century CE, was a result of a reform movement led by a charismatic monk who sought to revitalize the Jain faith and emphasize the importance of strict non-violence.

2. Philosophical Factors:

• Interpretation of Mahavira’s Teachings: The different sects and schools within Jainism have interpreted Mahavira’s teachings in unique ways, leading to variations in their practices and beliefs. For example, the Digambara sect’s emphasis on nudity stems from their interpretation of Mahavira’s teachings on detachment from material possessions, while the Svetambara sect interprets these teachings more flexibly.
• Emphasis on Different Aspects of Jainism: The different schools within the Svetambara sect have focused on different aspects of Jainism. The Murtipujaka school emphasizes devotion and ritual, while the Sthanakvasi school prioritizes self-reliance and individual practice. The Terapanthi school, on the other hand, emphasizes the importance of strict non-violence and the practice of “ahimsa.”

The Significance of Sects and Schools in Jainism

The existence of different sects and schools within Jainism is not a sign of division or conflict. Instead, it reflects the dynamic and evolving nature of the faith. Each sect and school offers a unique perspective on Jainism, enriching the overall tapestry of the religion.

• Diversity and Innovation: The diversity of sects and schools within Jainism fosters innovation and creativity within the faith. Different interpretations and practices allow for a more nuanced understanding of Jainism and its application in contemporary life.
• Adaptability and Relevance: The existence of different schools allows Jainism to adapt to changing social and cultural contexts. Each school can cater to the specific needs and preferences of its followers, ensuring the continued relevance of Jainism in the modern world.
• Dialogue and Understanding: The differences between sects and schools provide opportunities for dialogue and understanding. By engaging with different perspectives, Jain followers can deepen their understanding of their own faith and develop a more comprehensive view of Jainism as a whole.

Conclusion

The sects and schools within Jainism represent a fascinating tapestry of diverse interpretations and practices. While sharing a core set of beliefs, each group offers a unique perspective on the path to liberation. This diversity enriches the overall understanding of Jainism and its adaptability to different contexts. By embracing the richness of these different expressions, Jainism continues to thrive and inspire individuals seeking a path of non-violence, self-discipline, and spiritual liberation.

Frequently Asked Questions about Sects and Schools in Jainism:

1. What are the main differences between the Digambara and Svetambara sects?

The Digambara sect emphasizes a highly austere lifestyle, including nudity, complete avoidance of fire, and strict adherence to non-violence. The Svetambara sect, on the other hand, allows for white robes, the use of fire for cooking, and a more flexible interpretation of non-violence. The Digambara sect also believes that women cannot attain liberation, while the Svetambara sect believes in gender equality in achieving liberation.

2. What are the main schools within the Svetambara sect?

The Svetambara sect is further divided into several schools, including:

• Murtipujaka: Emphasizes idol worship and rituals.
• Sthanakvasi: Rejects idol worship and focuses on self-reliance and individual practice.
• Terapanthi: Emphasizes strict adherence to non-violence and the practice of “ahimsa” in all aspects of life.
• Bisnupuri: Emphasizes the importance of rituals and ceremonies.

3. Why are there so many different sects and schools within Jainism?

The emergence of different sects and schools within Jainism is a result of historical, social, and philosophical factors. These include:

• Early divisions: Differences in interpretation of Mahavira’s teachings led to the initial split between the Digambara and Svetambara sects.
• Social and political influences: The rise of different schools within the Svetambara sect can be attributed to social and political factors, such as reactions against existing practices or the desire for reform.
• Philosophical interpretations: Different schools have emphasized different aspects of Jainism, leading to variations in their practices and beliefs.

4. Are the different sects and schools in conflict with each other?

While there are differences in beliefs and practices, the different sects and schools within Jainism generally co-exist peacefully. They often engage in dialogue and understanding, recognizing the richness and diversity within the Jain faith.

5. How do the different sects and schools impact the practice of Jainism?

The different sects and schools offer diverse perspectives on Jainism, enriching the overall tapestry of the faith. They provide different approaches to spiritual practice, allowing individuals to choose the path that resonates most with their beliefs and values.

6. Can a Jain convert from one sect or school to another?

While there is no formal conversion process, individuals can choose to adopt the practices and beliefs of a different sect or school. However, it is important to note that each sect and school has its own unique set of beliefs and practices, and transitioning between them may require a significant shift in one’s understanding and practice of Jainism.

7. What is the significance of the different sects and schools within Jainism?

The diversity of sects and schools within Jainism reflects the dynamic and evolving nature of the faith. It fosters innovation, adaptability, and dialogue, ensuring the continued relevance of Jainism in the modern world.

Here are some multiple-choice questions about Sects and Schools in Jainism, with four options each:

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Digambara sect?

a) They wear white robes.
b) They avoid all use of fire.
c) They believe in complete nudity.
d) They emphasize strict adherence to non-violence.

2. Which Svetambara school rejects idol worship and emphasizes self-reliance?

a) Murtipujaka
b) Sthanakvasi
c) Terapanthi
d) Bisnupuri

3. Which of the following is a key difference between the Digambara and Svetambara sects?

a) The Digambara sect allows the use of fire for cooking, while the Svetambara sect does not.
b) The Svetambara sect believes in gender equality in achieving liberation, while the Digambara sect does not.
c) The Digambara sect emphasizes the importance of rituals and ceremonies, while the Svetambara sect does not.
d) The Svetambara sect believes in the worship of Tirthankaras through idols, while the Digambara sect does not.

4. Which school within the Svetambara sect is known for its strict adherence to non-violence and the practice of “ahimsa”?

a) Murtipujaka
b) Sthanakvasi
c) Terapanthi
d) Bisnupuri

5. The emergence of different sects and schools within Jainism can be attributed to:

a) Only historical factors.
b) Only social and political factors.
c) Only philosophical factors.
d) A combination of historical, social, and philosophical factors.

6. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of the diversity of sects and schools within Jainism?

a) It fosters innovation and creativity within the faith.
b) It allows Jainism to adapt to changing social and cultural contexts.
c) It creates conflict and division within the Jain community.
d) It provides opportunities for dialogue and understanding.

Answers:

1. a) They wear white robes.
2. b) Sthanakvasi
3. b) The Svetambara sect believes in gender equality in achieving liberation, while the Digambara sect does not.
4. c) Terapanthi
5. d) A combination of historical, social, and philosophical factors.
6. c) It creates conflict and division within the Jain community.