<<–2/”>a href=”https://exam.pscnotes.com/5653-2/”>p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Indian National Congress (INC) was the principal platform for the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Within the INC, two distinct factions emerged: the Moderates and the Extremists. These groups had different ideologies, strategies, and methods for achieving the common goal of self-rule. The Moderates believed in gradual reforms through dialogue and constitutional means, while the Extremists advocated for direct action and were willing to use more assertive methods to attain Swaraj (self-rule).
| Feature | Moderates | Extremists |
|---|---|---|
| Time Period | 1885-1905 | 1905-1919 |
| Leaders | Dadabhai Naoroji, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta | Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai |
| Ideology | Believed in gradual reforms and dialogue | Advocated for direct action and self-reliance |
| Methods | Constitutional means, petitions, resolutions | Boycotts, Swadeshi, passive resistance, public agitation |
| Attitude Towards British | Viewed British rule as beneficial but needed reforms | Saw British rule as oppressive and exploitative |
| Goal | Greater political autonomy within British rule | Complete independence (Swaraj) |
| Support Base | Mainly educated, urban middle class | Wider base including rural Population and youth |
| Approach to Congress | Preferred resolutions and discussions | Favored aggressive protests and public movements |
| View on Self-Government | Sought self-government through gradual reforms | Demanded immediate self-rule |
| Reaction to Partition of Bengal | Opposed but relied on petitions and appeals | Launched massive protests and Swadeshi movement |
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Q1: Who were the main leaders of the Moderates and the Extremists?
Q2: What were the main differences in their methods?
Q3: How did the British react to the Moderates and Extremists?
Q4: What was the Swadeshi Movement?
Q5: What were the main goals of the Moderates and Extremists?
Q6: How did their support bases differ?
Q7: Did the Moderates and Extremists ever reconcile their differences?
Q8: What was the impact of the Extremist movement on Society/”>Indian Society?
give in about 2500 words the key difference between snp and mutation in table format after a short introduction and also give Advantages and Disadvantages of snp and mutation and Similarities between snp and mutation and FAQs on snp and mutation
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Genetic variations are fundamental to the diversity and evolution of life on Earth. Two primary types of genetic variations are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations. While both SNPs and mutations involve changes in the DNA sequence, they differ in their occurrence, impact, and significance. Understanding these differences, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, is crucial for fields such as genetics, evolutionary biology, and medical research.
| Feature | SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) | Mutation |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | A single base pair change in the DNA sequence that occurs at a specific position in the genome and is present in a significant portion of the population (typically >1%). | Any change in the DNA sequence that can occur due to various factors and can affect a single nucleotide or large segments of DNA. |
| Frequency | Common in the population (more than 1% of the population). | Can be rare or unique to an individual or family. |
| Origin | Arise through evolutionary processes and are inherited. | Can arise spontaneously due to errors in DNA replication, exposure to mutagens, or can be inherited. |
| Impact | Usually have a minor effect on the organism; can influence traits or susceptibility to diseases. | Can have a wide range of effects from benign to severe, including causing genetic disorders. |
| Stability | Relatively stable within populations. | Can be stable or unstable; some mutations may revert or lead to further changes. |
| Detection | Detected through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other genetic screening methods. | Detected through various genetic testing methods such as sequencing, PCR, and karyotyping. |
| Significance in Evolution | Provide Genetic diversity that can be beneficial, neutral, or sometimes harmful. | Drive evolution by introducing new genetic variations, some of which can be beneficial. |
| Examples | The SNP at position 135 in the ABO gene determining blood type. | Sickle cell mutation in the HBB gene causing sickle cell anemia. |
Q1: What is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)?
A1: A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) is a single base pair change in the DNA sequence that occurs at a specific position in the genome and is present in a significant portion of the population (typically >1%).
Q2: How do SNPs differ from mutations?
A2: SNPs are common genetic variations that occur in more than 1% of the population and usually have minor effects, while mutations can be rare, spontaneous, and have a wide range of effects from benign to severe.
Q3: Are all mutations harmful?
A3: No, not all mutations are harmful. Some mutations are neutral or beneficial and can contribute to genetic diversity and evolution.
Q4: How are SNPs and mutations detected?
A4: SNPs and mutations can be detected using various genetic testing methods such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and karyotyping.
Q5: Can SNPs cause genetic disorders?
A5: While most SNPs have minor effects, some can influence susceptibility to genetic disorders or diseases, especially when combined with other genetic or environmental factors.
Q6: What role do mutations play in evolution?
A6: Mutations introduce new genetic variations, which can be acted upon by natural selection, driving the evolution of species and enabling adaptation to changing environments.
Q7: How can SNPs be used in personalized medicine?
A7: SNPs can help identify genetic predispositions to diseases and predict individual responses to drugs, enabling personalized treatment plans and preventive healthcare measures.
Q8: What are some examples of diseases caused by mutations?
A8: Examples of diseases caused by mutations include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease.
Q9: Can mutations be inherited?
A9: Yes, mutations can be inherited from one generation to the next, leading to familial genetic disorders.
Q10: How do environmental factors influence mutations?
A10: Environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, and viruses can cause mutations by damaging DNA or interfering with DNA replication processes.
Understanding the nuances between SNPs and mutations, their roles in genetic variation and disease, and their impact on evolution and medicine, provides valuable insights for genetic research, diagnosis, and treatment. This comprehensive overview emphasizes the significance of these genetic changes in shaping the diversity and adaptability of life on Earth.