Sakas

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  • Shakas had set up their Kshsatraps in Mathura.
  • The brahmi inscription s of Mora(Mathura ) is associated with Sakas.
  • The Sakas conquered the area of Mathura over Indian kings around 60BCE. Some of their satraps were Hangamasha and Hagana, who were in turn followed by the Saka Great Satrap Rajuvula.
  • The Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions attest that Mathura fell under the control of the Sakas. The inscriptions contain references to Kharaosta Kamuio and Aiyasi Kamuia. Yuvaraja Kharostes (Kshatrapa) was the son of Arta, as is attested by his own coins.
  • Arta is stated to be brother of King Moga or Maues. Princess Aiyasi Kambojaka, also called Kambojika, was the chief queen of Shaka Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula. Kamboja presence in Mathura is also verified from some verses of the epic, The Mahabharata, which are believed to have been composed around this period.
  • The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the “Northern Satraps”, as opposed to the “Western Satraps” ruling in Gujarat and Malwa. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the Kushans, such as the “Great Satrap” Kharapallana and the “Satrap” Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c 130 CE), in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushans.

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    The Sakas

    The indo-Greek rule in India was primarily destroyed by the Sakas.

    • Sakas were the Scythians, which refer to ancient Iranian people of horse-riding nomadic pastoralists.
    • In Sanskrit they are referred as Sakas.
    • The 2nd century BC saw an upheaval in the Central Asia. The invasion by the Central Asian nomadic tribes and tribes from the Chinese region was responsible for the Migration of the Sakas towards India.

     

    Maues (80-65 BC)

    • Maues or Moga was the earliest Shaka ruler.
    • He established Shaka power in Gandhara and ruled around 80-60BC
    • His capital was ”Sirkap” and he issued a large number of copper coins and few silver coins.
    • Some sources indicate that he assumed the title of ” maharaja mahatma ” and his coins are bearing the images of Indian deities’ viz. Shiva, and Buddha.
    • He used Greek and Kharoshthi in coin legends.

     

    Moga inscription

    Moga inscription refers to the Taxila copper plate. Taxila copper plate was found in area of Taxila in modern Pakistan. Taxila copper plate bears a precise data and it is written in Kharoshthi. This inscription is ascribed to Shaka king Moga.

    • It was the Taxila Copper Plate which has mentioned about the dedication of a relic of the Buddha Shakyamuni to a Buddhist monastery by the Shaka ruler Patika Kusulaka.
    • Patika Kusulaka is also mentioned in Mathura lion capital.

     

     

     

     

    Azes-I & Azes II

    • Maues and his successors were able to conquer large the areas of Gandhara, they were unsuccessful against the indo-Greek kings remaining behind the Jhelum river in eastern Punjab.
    • But it was Azes-I who put an end to the remnant of the Greek rule in India.
    • Azes-I annexed the kingdom of the Indo-Greek Hippostratos after a long resistance.
    • In 58 BC, Azes-I founded the Azes Era, which coincides with the Vikram Era in India.
    • Azes-I was succeeded by Azilises, who was succeeded by Azes II.
    • There are some coins issued jointly be Azes-I and Azilises and jointly issued by Azilises and Azes II.
    • Azes II reigned between the 35 and 12 BC and he is considered to be the last Shaka ruler and was lost to Kushanas.
    • Kushanas led to the foundation of Kushana Empire in North West India.

     

     

    Bimaran casket

    Bimaran casket was found in Jalalabad, Pakistan between 1833 to 1838. This casket is important because it was found having the coins of Azes II.

    • It features the representations of Buddha surrounded by India deities Brahma and Indra as bodhisattvas.
    • The Buddha is standing posture with bundled hair and wears a dhoti.
    • It was found in a steatite which was having some inscriptions.
    • The Bimaran casket is the First & Earliest known image of the Standing Buddha.

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    The Sakas were a nomadic people of Central Asia who invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 2nd century BCE. They were originally from the Sakastan region of Iran, and they spoke a language called Saka. The Sakas were skilled horsemen and archers, and they were known for their fierce fighting abilities. They were also known for their elaborate jewelry and clothing.

    The Sakas ruled over much of northern India for several centuries, and they had a significant impact on Indian culture. They introduced many new ideas and technologies to India, and they also helped to spread Buddhism-2/”>Buddhism. The Sakas were eventually overthrown by The Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE, but their legacy continues to this day.

    Saka history

    The Sakas were a nomadic people of Central Asia who originated in the Sakastan region of Iran. They were originally a part of the Scythian people, but they broke away from the Scythians in the 2nd century BCE. The Sakas invaded the Indian subcontinent in the 2nd century BCE, and they quickly conquered much of northern India. They ruled over northern India for several centuries, and they had a significant impact on Indian culture.

    Saka culture

    The Sakas were a nomadic people, and their culture was heavily influenced by their nomadic lifestyle. They were skilled horsemen and archers, and they were known for their fierce fighting abilities. The Sakas were also known for their elaborate jewelry and clothing.

    Saka religion

    The Sakas were originally followers of Zoroastrianism, but they converted to Buddhism after they invaded India. The Sakas were instrumental in spreading Buddhism to northern India, and they built many Buddhist temples and monasteries.

    Saka art

    The Sakas were skilled artists, and they produced a number of beautiful works of art. Saka art is characterized by its use of bright colors and intricate designs. Saka art is often found on coins, jewelry, and other objects.

    Saka architecture

    The Sakas were also skilled architects, and they built a number of impressive buildings. Saka architecture is characterized by its use of arches and domes. Saka buildings are often found in ruins, but they are still impressive to see.

    Saka coinage

    The Sakas minted a number of coins, and these coins are an important source of information about Saka history. Saka coins are often decorated with images of Saka warriors and animals.

    Saka language

    The Sakas spoke a language called Saka. Saka is a member of the Indo-Iranian language family, and it is closely related to the Persian language. Saka is no longer spoken, but it is still studied by linguists.

    Saka literature

    The Sakas produced a number of works of literature, but most of this literature has been lost. The few surviving works of Saka literature are written in the Saka language.

    Saka science

    The Sakas were skilled in a number of sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Saka scientists made a number of important discoveries, including the discovery of the zero.

    Saka technology

    The Sakas were skilled in a number of technologies, including metalworking, Pottery, and weaving. Saka technology was often superior to the technology of the time.

    Saka warfare

    The Sakas were skilled warriors, and they were known for their use of cavalry. Saka warriors were often armed with bows and arrows, swords, and spears.

    Saka relations with other cultures

    The Sakas had a number of contacts with other cultures, including the Greeks, the Romans, and the Chinese. The Sakas traded with these cultures, and they also fought against them.

    Saka legacy

    The Sakas left a lasting legacy on the Indian subcontinent. They introduced many new ideas and technologies to India, and they also helped to spread Buddhism. The Sakas were eventually overthrown by the Gupta Empire in the 4th century CE, but their legacy continues to this day.

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    1. The Mauryan Empire was founded by:
      (A) Chandragupta Maurya
      (B) Ashoka the Great
      (C) Kanishka
      (D) Harshavardhana

    2. The Gupta Empire was founded by:
      (A) Chandragupta Maurya
      (B) Ashoka the Great
      (C) Samudragupta
      (D) Kumaragupta I

    3. The Chola Empire was founded by:
      (A) Vijayalaya Chola
      (B) Rajendra Chola I
      (C) Kulottunga Chola I
      (D) Rajaraja Chola I

    4. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by:
      (A) Harihara I
      (B) Bukka Raya I
      (C) Krishnadevaraya
      (D) Achyutaraya

    5. The Mughal Empire was founded by:
      (A) Babur
      (B) Humayun
      (C) Akbar
      (D) Jahangir

    6. The MARATHA EMPIRE was founded by:
      (A) Shivaji Maharaj
      (B) Sambhaji Maharaj
      (C) Rajaram I
      (D) Shahu I

    7. The British East India Company was founded in:
      (A) 1600
      (B) 1612
      (C) 1660
      (D) 1690

    8. The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was also known as:
      (A) The Sepoy Mutiny
      (B) The First War of Independence
      (C) The Indian Mutiny
      (D) The Great Rebellion

    9. The Indian National Congress was founded in:
      (A) 1885
      (B) 1895
      (C) 1905
      (D) 1915

    10. Mahatma Gandhi was born in:
      (A) Porbandar
      (B) Rajkot
      (C) Ahmedabad
      (D) Surat

    11. Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India.
      (A) True
      (B) False

    12. India became a republic in:
      (A) 1947
      (B) 1950
      (C) 1956
      (D) 1960

    13. The current President of India is:
      (A) Ram Nath Kovind
      (B) Pranab Mukherjee
      (C) Pratibha Patil
      (D) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

    14. The current Prime Minister of India is:
      (A) Narendra Modi
      (B) Manmohan Singh
      (C) Indira Gandhi
      (D) Rajiv Gandhi

    15. The national language of India is:
      (A) Hindi
      (B) English
      (C) Sanskrit
      (D) Tamil

    16. The national animal of India is:
      (A) Tiger
      (B) Lion
      (C) Elephant
      (D) Rhinoceros

    17. The national bird of India is:
      (A) Peacock
      (B) Parrot
      (C) Eagle
      (D) Swan

    18. The national flower of India is:
      (A) Lotus
      (B) Rose
      (C) Jasmine
      (D) Sunflower

    19. The National Flag of India is:
      (A) Orange, white, and green
      (B) Saffron, white, and green
      (C) Red, white, and blue
      (D) Yellow, orange, and green

    20. The National Anthem of India is:
      (A) Jana Gana Mana
      (B) Vande Mataram
      (C) Saare Jahan Se Accha
      (D) Hamdard