Quality Of Life

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, life expectancy, Literacy, standard of living and Migration in India

Human Development—a comprehensive approach

Human development is a process of enlarging people’s choices. But human development is also the objective, so it is both a process and an outcome. Human development implies that people must influence the processes that shape their lives. In all this, economic Growth is an important means to human development, but not the end.
Human development is the development of the people through building human capabilities, by the people through active participation in the processes that shape their lives and for the people by improving their lives.
It is broader than other approaches, such as the human resource approach, the basic needs approach and the human welfare approach

Measuring human development

The composite Human Development index (HDI) integrates three basic dimensions of human development.
Life expectancy at birth reflects the ability to lead a long and healthy life.
Mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling reflect the ability to acquire knowledge. And gross NATIONAL INCOME per capita reflects the ability to achieve a decent standard of living.
To measure human development more comprehensively, the Human Development Report also presents four other composite indices.
The Inequality-adjusted HDI Discounts the HDI according to the extent of inequality.
The Gender Development Index compares female and male HDI values.
The Gender Inequality Index highlights Women’s Empowerment. And the Multidimensional POVERTY Index measures nonincome dimensions of poverty.

India’s Human Development Index 2016

India was ranked 131 in the 2016 Human Development Index (HDI) among the 188 countries.
India scored 0.624 and was placed in medium human development category.
The index was unveiled recently as part of the Human Development Report (HDR) 2016 titled Human Development for Everyone published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
India related facts: India’s HDI value increased from 0.428 in 1990 to 0.624 in 2015. However, its Average annual growth in HDI (1990-2015) was higher than that of other medium HDI countries.
Life expectancy at birth: In India, it has increased from 68 years to an average of 68.3 years — 69.9 years for women and 66.9 years for men.
Access to knowledge: India’s expected years of schooling remains at 11.7 years, while mean years of schooling increased from 5.4 to 6.3 years.
India’s Gross National Income (GNI) based on per capita purchasing power parity (PPP): It has risen from $5,497 to $5,663.
Gender Inequality Index (GII): India ranked 125 among 159 countries. Only 12.2% of Parliament seats are held by women. 8% of women above the age of 15 years are part of India’s labour force — compared to 79.1% men. The ratio of maternal mortality is 174 against every 100000 live births.
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI): It is difference between the HDI and IHDI, expressed as a Percentage of the HDI, indicating the loss in human development due to inequality.
India’s HDI was pegged at 0.624, but its value falls 27.2% after being adjusted for inequalities, resulting in a HDI value of 0.455.
Life expectancy adjusted with inequalities between 2010 and 2015 fell 24%, resulting in a value of 0.565.
The percentage of inequality in Education in 2015 was 39.4% or 0.324 and inequality in income 16.1% or 0.512.

Social Progress Index: India's quality of life improves

The measurement of quality of life is critical to understand whether economic growth is fostering social development across the globe or not.
It is essential to ranks countries on the basis of government’s effectiveness at meeting basic human needs, at providing a foundation for well-being with basic education and environmental protection, and at creating opportunities for all citizens to make personal choices and reach their full potential.
This kind of framework is being used by the Social Progress Imperative to create the Social Progress Index. It is observed that the world incorporating 128 countries scores 64.85 on social progress.
It registers a 2.6 percent increase from 2014.
The performance is best in Basic Human Needs with a score of 89.62 followed by Foundations of Well-being and Opportunity.
The major factors that contribute to the improvements in social progress are increased access to information & Communication and enhanced advanced education landscape. On the other hand, Personal Rights which includes measures of political rights and freedom of expression is declining in most countries.
A rapid deterioration of rights, especially in terms of falling political participation and worsening freedom of expression and assembly, points out that the choices of citizens are being threatened.
Also, the advancements in Personal Safety have been intangible. This is mainly due to the reverse changes in the homicide rate and violent crimes which some countries are experiencing.

: Which is the best Indian city to live in?

One of the most difficult financial decisions one has to make in life is to decide the place where they would choose to stay. The location one chooses is influenced by a host of pros and cons. The cost of living, the availability of economic opportunities, the quality of life, education facilities, among others are some of the many deciding factors.
Mercer, the global human Resources consulting firm, has released its 18th annual Quality of Living Survey, listing 2016 city rankings of best places to live in.
Mercer evaluated local living conditions in more than 440 cities surveyed worldwide according to 39 factors, grouped in 10 categories such as political and social Environment, economic environment, socio-cultural environment, medical and Health considerations, schools and education, public Services and transportation, recreation, consumer goods, housing, and natural environment.
As per the Mercer ranking, Hyderabad has been ranked as the best city in India to stay in with a ranking of 139 out of 230 cities in the world.
Pune has been selected as the second best Indian city with a rank of 144.
Other Indian cities that found a place in the list are: Bangalore (145), Chennai (150), Mumbai (152), Kolkata (160), and New Delhi (161).

Literacy in India

The 15th official census in India was calculated in the year 2011. In a country like India, literacy is the main foundation for social and economic growth. When the British rule ended in India in the year 1947 the literacy rate was just 12%.
Over the years, India has changed socially, economically, and globally.
After the 2011 census, literacy rate India 2011 was found to be 74.04%.
Compared to the adult literacy rate here the youth literacy rate is about 9% higher. Though this seems like a very great accomplishment, it is still a matter of concern that still so many people in India cannot even read and write.
The numbers of children who do not get education especially in the rural areas are still high. Though the government has made a law that every child under the age of 14 should get free education, the problem of illiteracy is still at large.
Now, if we consider female literacy rate in India, then it is lower than the male literacy rate as many parents do not allow their female children to go to schools. They get married off at a young age instead.
Though child marriage has been lowered to very low levels, it still happens. Many families, especially in rural areas believe that having a male child is better than having a baby girl. So the male child gets all the benefits.
Today, the female literacy levels according to the Literacy Rate 2011 census are 65.46% where the male literacy rate is over 80%.
The literacy rate in India has always been a matter of concern but many NGO initiatives and government ads, campaigns and programs are being held to spread awareness amongst people about the importance of literacy. Also the government has made strict rules for female Equality rights. India literacy rate has shown significant rise in the past 10 years.
Here are some facts about different states literacy rate, Kerala is the only state in India to have 100% literacy rate. It is followed by Goa, Tripura, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh, and Maharashtra, Sikkim.
The lowest literacy rate in India is seen in the state of Bihar.
We also need to think why is the literacy rate is low here in India compared to other developed countries. Basically the Population in India is very high. Being the 7th largest country its population stands 2nd in the world after China. There are over 1 billion people in India.
The number of schools and educational centers especially in rural areas is less. Even today many people are below the Poverty Line. Also people aren't aware that children should get free education according to the law

Standard of living in India

Standard of living in India varies from state to state.
With one of the fastest growing economies in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 7.6% in 2015, India is on its way to becoming a large and globally important consumer economy.
According to Deutsche Bank Research, there are between 30 million and 300 million middle-class people in India. If current trends continue, India's share of world GDP will significantly increase from 7.3 in 2016 to 8.5 percent of the world share by 2020.
In 2011, less than 22 percent of Indians lived under the global poverty line, nearly a 10 percent reduction from 29.8 percent just two years prior in 2009.
According to NCAER, India's middle class population would be 267 million in 2016.
Further ahead, by 2025-26 the number of middle class households in India is likely to more than double from the 2015-16 levels to 113.8 million households or 547 million individuals.
Another estimate put the Indian middle class as numbering 475 million people by 2030.
It is estimated that average real wages will quadruple between 2013 and 2030.
The standard of living in India shows large disparity.
For example, there is widespread poverty in rural areas of India, where medical care tends to be very basic or unavailable, while cities boast of world class medical establishments. Similarly, the very latest machinery may be used in some construction projects, but many construction workers work without mechanisation in most projects.
However, a rural middle class is now emerging in India, with some rural areas seeing increasing prosperity. In general, the southern Indian state of Kerala ranks top for most of the indices.
In 2010, the per capita PPP-adjusted GDP for India was US$3,608.

Migration in India

One important facet of study on population is the study of migration arising out of various social, economic or political reasons.
For a large country like India, the study of movement of population in different parts of the country helps in understanding the dynamics of the Society better.
At this junction in the Economic Development, in the country, especially when many states are undergoing faster economic development, particularly in areas, such as, manufacturing, information technology or service sectors, data migration profile of population has become more important.
When a person is enumerated in census at a different place than his / her place of birth, she / he is considered a migrant. This may be due to marriage, which is the most common reason for migration among females-or for work, what is the case as generally among males, etc.
It also happens that many return to their place of birth after staying out. To capture such movements of population census collect information on migration by last helps to understand the current migration scenario better.
In India, as per census 2001, about 307 million person have been reported as migration by place of birth. Out of them about 259 million (84.2%), migrated from on e part of the state to another, i.e., from one village or town to another village or town. 42 million (2%) from out side the country.
The data on migration by last residence in India as per Census 2001 shows that the total number of migrants has been 314 million. Out of these migrants by last residence, 268 million (85%) has been intra-state migrants, those who migrated from one are of the state to another.
41 million (13%) were interstate migrants and 5.1 million (1.6%) migrated from out side of the country.

Why do people migrate?

People migrate for many different reasons. These reasons can be classified as economic, social, political or environmental:

economic migration – moving to find work or follow a particular career path
social migration – moving somewhere for a better quality of life or to be closer to family or friends
political migration – moving to escape political persecution or war
environmental causes of migration include natural disasters such as flooding

Some people choose to migrate, eg someone who moves to another country to enhance their career opportunities. Some people are forced to migrate, eg someone who moves due to war or famine.
A refugee is someone who has left their home and does not have a new home to go to. Often refugees do not carry many possessions with them and do not have a clear idea of where they may finally settle.

Push and pull factors of Migration

Push factors are the reasons why people leave an area. They include:

lack of services
lack of safety
high crime
crop failure
drought
flooding
poverty
war

Pull factors are the reasons why people move to a particular area. They include:

higher EMPLOYMENT
more wealth
better services
good Climate
safer, less crime
political stability
more fertile land
lower risk from natural hazards

Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of these push and pull factors.

Quality of life (QOL) is a broad concept encompassing both objective and subjective Elements of well-being. It is typically measured using indicators such as health, education, employment, housing, income, environment, safety, social support, leisure time, personal freedom, and overall satisfaction.

Health

Good health is essential for a high quality of life. People who are healthy are able to participate in activities they enjoy, work productively, and maintain strong social relationships. Health is influenced by a variety of factors, including genetics, environment, lifestyle choices, and access to healthcare.

Education

Education is another important factor in QOL. Education can help people develop their skills and knowledge, which can lead to better job opportunities and higher incomes. Education can also promote critical thinking and civic engagement.

Employment

Employment is a major Source Of Income and social support. It can also provide a sense of purpose and accomplishment. People who are employed are more likely to have higher incomes, better health, and lower levels of Stress.

Housing

Adequate housing is essential for a healthy and comfortable life. Housing should be safe, affordable, and in a good location. People who have adequate housing are more likely to have good health, be able to work productively, and participate in social activities.

Income

Income is a major determinant of QOL. People with higher incomes are more likely to have access to quality healthcare, education, housing, and other resources. They are also more likely to be able to afford leisure activities and travel.

Environment

A clean and safe environment is essential for a healthy and happy life. People who live in polluted or unsafe environments are more likely to experience health problems, such as respiratory infections and cancer. They are also more likely to be exposed to violence and crime.

Safety

Personal safety is another important factor in QOL. People who feel safe in their homes and communities are more likely to be able to relax and enjoy life. They are also more likely to be able to participate in activities outside the home, such as working, going to school, and socializing.

Social support

Strong social support networks can provide emotional and practical assistance during difficult times. People with strong social support networks are more likely to have good mental and physical health. They are also more likely to be able to cope with stress and adversity.

Leisure time

Leisure time is important for relaxation, stress relief, and personal development. People who have enough leisure time are more likely to be happy and satisfied with their lives. They are also more likely to be physically active and engaged in social activities.

Personal freedom

Personal freedom is the ability to make choices about one’s own life. People who have a high degree of personal freedom are more likely to be happy and satisfied with their lives. They are also more likely to be healthy, productive, and engaged in their communities.

Overall satisfaction

Overall satisfaction is a subjective measure of QOL. It is based on a person’s overall assessment of their life. People who are satisfied with their lives are more likely to be happy, healthy, and productive.

QOL is a complex concept that is influenced by a variety of factors. There is no one-size-fits-all definition of QOL, and what matters most to one person may not matter to another. However, there are some common elements that are important for most people, such as good health, education, employment, housing, income, environment, safety, social support, leisure time, personal freedom, and overall satisfaction.

What is the meaning of life?

The meaning of life is a question that has been asked by philosophers and theologians for centuries. There is no one answer that everyone agrees on, but some possible answers include: to find happiness, to make a difference in the world, to learn and grow, to connect with others, and to experience the beauty of the world.

What is the purpose of life?

The purpose of life is another question that has been pondered by many people. Some believe that the purpose of life is to find happiness, while others believe that it is to make a difference in the world. Still others believe that the purpose of life is to learn and grow, to connect with others, or to experience the beauty of the world.

What is the difference between happiness and fulfillment?

Happiness is a feeling of joy or contentment, while fulfillment is a sense of satisfaction or accomplishment. Happiness is often fleeting, while fulfillment can be more lasting. Happiness can come from things like good relationships, material possessions, or positive experiences. Fulfillment can come from things like meaningful work, personal growth, or helping others.

What is the best way to live a happy life?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to live a happy life will vary from person to person. However, some things that can contribute to a happy life include: having strong relationships, pursuing your passions, being grateful for what you have, and helping others.

What is the best way to live a fulfilling life?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to live a fulfilling life will vary from person to person. However, some things that can contribute to a fulfilling life include: having a sense of purpose, working towards your goals, making a difference in the world, and connecting with others.

What is the difference between success and happiness?

Success is often defined as the achievement of an aim or purpose, while happiness is a feeling of joy or contentment. Success can be measured in many ways, such as financial success, career success, or personal success. Happiness is often more subjective and difficult to measure.

What is the best way to achieve success?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to achieve success will vary from person to person. However, some things that can contribute to success include: setting goals, working hard, being persistent, and being willing to take risks.

What is the best way to be happy?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to be happy will vary from person to person. However, some things that can contribute to happiness include: having strong relationships, pursuing your passions, being grateful for what you have, and helping others.

What is the best way to find your purpose in life?

There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best way to find your purpose in life will vary from person to person. However, some things that can help you find your purpose include: reflecting on your values and beliefs, exploring your interests and passions, and trying new things.

What is the best way to make a difference in the world?

There are many ways to make a difference in the world, big and small. Some ways to make a difference include: volunteering your time, donating to charity, or simply being kind to others.

What is the best way to connect with others?

There are many ways to connect with others, both in person and online. Some ways to connect with others include: joining clubs or groups, attending events, or simply striking up conversations with people you meet.

What is the best way to experience the beauty of the world?

There are many ways to experience the beauty of the world, both in nature and in the human-made world. Some ways to experience the beauty of the world include: spending time in nature, visiting museums or art galleries, or simply taking the time to appreciate the beauty of everyday life.

Here are some multiple choice questions about the following topics:

What is the definition of health?
(A) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
(B) The absence of disease or infirmity
(C) A state of optimal physical, mental, and social functioning
(D) A state of well-being that is not limited to the absence of disease or infirmity
What are the three main components of health?
(A) Physical health, mental health, and social health
(B) Physical health, mental health, and emotional health
(C) Physical health, mental health, and spiritual health
(D) Physical health, mental health, and environmental health
What are some of the factors that can affect health?
(A) Genetics, environment, lifestyle, and access to healthcare
(B) Genetics, environment, social factors, and access to healthcare
(C) Genetics, environment, lifestyle, social factors, and access to healthcare
(D) Genetics, environment, lifestyle, social factors, and healthcare costs
What are some of the benefits of good health?
(A) Increased productivity, improved quality of life, and reduced healthcare costs
(B) Increased productivity, improved quality of life, and reduced risk of chronic diseases
(C) Increased productivity, improved quality of life, and reduced risk of injury and death
(D) Increased productivity, improved quality of life, and reduced risk of all of the above
What are some of the ways to improve health?
(A) Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and manage stress
(B) Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
(C) Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, and manage stress, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and get regular checkups
(D) Eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly, get enough sleep, manage stress, avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, get regular checkups, and have access to quality healthcare
What is the World Health Organization’s definition of health?
(A) A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
(B) The absence of disease or infirmity
(C) A state of optimal physical, mental, and social functioning
(D) A state of well-being that is not limited to the absence of disease or infirmity
What are the six key areas of health that the World Health Organization focuses on?
(A) Health promotion, disease prevention, health protection, health services, research, and development
(B) Health promotion, disease prevention, health protection, health services, research, and development, and financing
(C) Health promotion, disease prevention, health protection, health services, research, and development, and financing, and human resources
(D) Health promotion, disease prevention, health protection, health services, research, and development, and financing, and human resources, and information systems
What is the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3?
(A) Good health and well-being
(B) Quality education
(C) Gender Equality
(D) Decent work and economic growth
What are some of the challenges to achieving good health for all?
(A) Poverty, inequality, lack of access to healthcare, and poor health Infrastructure-2/”>INFRASTRUCTURE
(B) Poverty, inequality, lack of access to healthcare, poor health infrastructure, and Climate Change
(C) Poverty, inequality, lack of access to healthcare, poor health infrastructure, climate change, and conflict
(D) Poverty, inequality, lack of access to healthcare, poor health infrastructure, climate change, conflict, and antimicrobial resistance
What can be done to address the challenges to achieving good health for all?
(A) Invest in health systems, promote healthy lifestyles, and address the social determinants of health
(B) Invest in health systems, promote healthy lifestyles, address the social determinants of health, and strengthen international cooperation
(C) Invest in health systems, promote healthy lifestyles, address the social determinants of health, strengthen international cooperation, and support research and development
(D) Invest in health systems, promote healthy lifestyles, address the social determinants of health, strengthen international cooperation, support research and development, and ensure access to quality healthcare for all