Development of Hindi and Urdu Language

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Development of Hindi and Urdu Language

 

Hindi and Urdu are two Hindustani Languages; spoken mostly in the northern and Central India and in Pakistan.

Hindi and Urdu are two different languages but these languages have many common things.Both Hindi and Urdu are developed in a similar phase and adopted many changes.

We will discuss about the development of both the languages one by one.

 

Development of Hindi:

Hindi in Khariboli form has been accepted as officiallanguage of India. It is written in Devnagari script. It is listed in the 22 scheduled Languages of India in our Constitution.

Hindi is one of the youngest languages of India which come in literary only before 2-3 centuries back.

Hindi is 4ththe most speaking languages of the world after Mandarin, Spanish and English.

Now we will dig deep to find the foundation of Hindi language. Hindi is an Indo-Aryan Language which find its root in various Prakrit languages in India. There were various Prakrit was being spoken in various regions of  like Magadhi, ArdhaMagadhi, Himalayan Prakrit, ShaurseniPrakrit etc.

This was around 500-600 century than these Prakritwere developed in their regions under the patron of their rulers. Although Sanskrit was used as official Communication and for literary works, yet regional languages were the languages of the masses.

 

 

Hindi language was originally calledHindvi. It started taking shape around 10th century. It was mostly spoken in the present day Delhi. It was highly influenced by the ShaurseniAprabhansha.

The vocabulary is derived mostly from the Sanskrit Language.

We can divide the development of Hindi language in 3 stages for our understanding:

  1. Early Stages
  2. Middle Stage
  • Modern Stage

 

  1. Early Stage: This was the making time of Hindi when it was finding its root in regional Prakrit. The time can be considered form 5th century to 1300 AD. In this time

 

  1. Middle Stage: We can mark this time from 14th century to 1800 Century. In this stage various saints and other poet wrote which was the basis of Modern day Hindi. Kabir-2/”>Kabir, Ramananda, Tulsidas, Gurunanak, Meerabai , Amir Khusrau had much impact on this.

 

 

  • Modern Stage: This was the time when Hindi language developed fully. A lot of development happened during this time from grammar to modern novel writing. A lot of writers and scholars have done a lot for the development of Hindi. BharatenduHarishchandra also known as father of Modern Hindi Literature; did a lot for the development of Hindi and to shape it in standardized form.

 

 

 

Development of Urdu:

The early history of Hindi and Urdu is almost same. The invasion of foreigner from western part of India from Middle East brought many changes in the Indian people. The changes was not only in culture, lifestyle but was in the language as well. The invaders patronized Persian and Arabic form of languages;which influenced the local languages and vice-versa.

Urdu is also a Hindustani language which found its origin in various other languages. Urdu is mostly spoken in the northern parts of India and is Official Language of some states of India. After the partition of India, Urdu was accepted as national language of Pakistan.

Urdu is developedfrom the medieval Apabhramsa of Shaurseni.

Shaurseni is an Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern languages, including the Punjabi and Hindi dialects.

Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.

Urdu developed under the influence of the Persian and Arabic languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech.

 

The development of Urdu can be summarized in three stages:

  1. Early Stage
  2. Middle Stage
  • Modern Stage

 

  1. Early Stage: The early stage of Hindi and Urdu is almost same where it was finding its source in regional Prakrit languages. Invaders of Muslim rulers from West also brought development to initial stages. This period can be marked from 500-1300 AD.

 

  1. Middle Stage: With the upcoming of Muslims rulers from west in India Persian language become prominent. Persian language itself has its roots in Arabic language. Urdu was influenced by the Perso-Arabic language duo and marked its tremendous development. Period: 1400AD -1800 AD

 

 

  • Modern stage: British had played important role in developing Modern day Urdu language. Persian was the official language of many ruler’s court, British were not happy with this and they tried developing Urdu to counter Persian language. Modern writers also played an important role in development of Urdu language.

 

 

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Hindi and Urdu are two closely related languages spoken in India and Pakistan. They are both descended from the Khariboli dialect of Sanskrit, and they share a common vocabulary. However, they also have some important differences, such as their writing systems and their use of Persian and Arabic loanwords.

The early history of Hindi and Urdu is complex and disputed. Some scholars believe that they developed independently from each other, while others believe that they were originally a single language that split into two dialects. Whatever the case may be, it is clear that Hindi and Urdu were both well-established languages by the 16th century.

The development of Khariboli was a major factor in the formation of Hindi and Urdu. Khariboli was a vernacular language spoken in the Delhi region, and it was influenced by both Sanskrit and Persian. This influence can be seen in the vocabulary of Hindi and Urdu, which contains many words from both languages.

The influence of Persian and Arabic on Hindi and Urdu is another important factor in their development. Persian was the language of the Mughal Empire, which ruled over much of India from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Arabic was also a major influence, as it was the language of Islam. The use of Persian and Arabic loanwords in Hindi and Urdu is one of the main ways in which they differ from other Indo-Aryan languages.

The colonial period was a time of great change for Hindi and Urdu. The British East India Company ruled over much of India from the 18th to the 19th centuries, and they introduced English as the language of administration. This led to a decline in the use of Persian and Arabic, and it also led to the development of new standardized forms of Hindi and Urdu.

The post-independence period was a time of great Growth for Hindi and Urdu. India and Pakistan became independent in 1947, and both countries adopted Hindi and Urdu as their national languages. This led to a further standardization of the languages, and it also led to the development of new literature and media in Hindi and Urdu.

Modern Hindi and Urdu are two vibrant and living languages. They are spoken by millions of people around the world, and they are used in a wide variety of contexts. Hindi is the official language of India, and it is also one of the official languages of Pakistan. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, and it is also spoken in India, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.

Hindi and Urdu are both standardized languages, with their own grammar and vocabulary. However, there is also a great deal of variation within each language. There are many different dialects of Hindi and Urdu, and these dialects can differ significantly from each other.

Hindi and Urdu are both written in the Devanagari Script. Devanagari is an ancient script that is also used for writing other Indo-Aryan languages, such as Marathi and Nepali. Urdu is also written in the Nastaliq script, which is a cursive script that is derived from Arabic.

Hindi and Urdu have both produced a rich and diverse literature. Hindi literature includes works of poetry, fiction, and drama. Urdu literature includes works of poetry, fiction, and essays.

Hindi and Urdu are also used in a variety of media. Hindi and Urdu films are popular in India and Pakistan, and there are also many Hindi and Urdu television shows. Hindi and Urdu newspapers and magazines are also widely read.

Hindi and Urdu are both important languages in Education. Hindi is the medium of instruction in many schools in India, and Urdu is the medium of instruction in many schools in Pakistan. Hindi and Urdu are also taught as foreign languages in many countries around the world.

Hindi and Urdu are both Official Languages of India and Pakistan. They are also spoken in Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and other countries. Hindi and Urdu are important languages in education, media, and literature. They are also used in a variety of other contexts, such as government, business, and religion.

There are some controversies surrounding Hindi and Urdu. One controversy is the issue of standardization. There are many different dialects of Hindi and Urdu, and there is no single standard form of either language. This can make it difficult to communicate between speakers of different dialects.

Another controversy is the issue of language politics. Hindi and Urdu are often seen as competing languages, and there has been some political tension between the two languages. This tension has sometimes led to violence, such as the riots that occurred in India in 1992.

Despite the controversies, Hindi and Urdu are both important languages in South Asia. They are used by millions of people, and they play a vital role in the region’s culture and history. The future of Hindi and Urdu is uncertain, but they are likely to remain important languages for many years to come.

Here are some frequently asked questions and short answers about the development of the Hindi and Urdu languages:

  1. What are the origins of the Hindi and Urdu languages?

Hindi and Urdu are both Indo-Aryan languages that developed from Sanskrit. Hindi is spoken primarily in India, while Urdu is spoken primarily in Pakistan.

  1. What are the main differences between Hindi and Urdu?

The main difference between Hindi and Urdu is their writing systems. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, while Urdu is written in the Nastaliq script. Hindi also has a larger vocabulary of Sanskrit words, while Urdu has a larger vocabulary of Persian and Arabic words.

  1. When did Hindi and Urdu become separate languages?

Hindi and Urdu began to diverge in the 18th century, after the Mughal Empire was divided into two parts. The Mughals spoke a language called Hindustani, which was a mix of Hindi and Urdu. After the division of the Mughal Empire, Hindustani began to develop into two separate languages, Hindi and Urdu.

  1. What are some of the major literary works in Hindi and Urdu?

Some of the major literary works in Hindi include The Mahabharata, the Ramayana, and the Panchatantra. Some of the major literary works in Urdu include the Gulistan, the Bustan, and the Diwan-e-Ghalib.

  1. What are some of the major figures in the development of Hindi and Urdu?

Some of the major figures in the development of Hindi include Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Some of the major figures in the development of Urdu include Mir Taqi Mir, Ghalib, and Faiz Ahmed Faiz.

  1. What are some of the major challenges facing Hindi and Urdu today?

Some of the major challenges facing Hindi and Urdu today include the dominance of English, the lack of government support, and the lack of Resources.

  1. What is the future of Hindi and Urdu?

The future of Hindi and Urdu is uncertain. Both languages are facing challenges, but they are also resilient languages with a long history. It is possible that Hindi and Urdu will continue to evolve and develop, or it is possible that they will merge into a single language.

Sure, here are some MCQs on the following topics:

  1. The development of the Hindi language can be traced back to the 10th century.
  2. The Urdu language developed from a dialect of Hindi spoken in the Delhi region.
  3. The two languages are mutually intelligible, but they have different writing systems and grammars.
  4. Hindi is written in the Devanagari script, while Urdu is written in the Nastaliq script.
  5. Hindi is the official language of India, while Urdu is the official language of Pakistan.
  6. Both Hindi and Urdu are spoken by millions of people around the world.
  7. The two languages have a rich literary tradition.
  8. Hindi and Urdu are both beautiful and expressive languages.
  9. They are both important parts of the Indian and Pakistani cultures.
  10. I hope you enjoyed these MCQs on the development of the Hindi and Urdu languages.

Here are some additional facts about the Hindi and Urdu languages:

  • Hindi and Urdu are both Indo-Aryan languages, which means that they are descended from Sanskrit.
  • Hindi and Urdu have a long history of interaction and influence on each other.
  • In the 19th century, there was a movement to unify the Hindi and Urdu languages into a single language called Hindustani.
  • However, this movement was unsuccessful, and the two languages continued to develop separately.
  • Today, Hindi and Urdu are two distinct languages with their own unique features.
  • However, they also share many similarities, and they are mutually intelligible to a large extent.
  • Hindi is the official language of India, while Urdu is the official language of Pakistan.
  • Both languages are also spoken in other countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada.
  • Hindi and Urdu are both important languages in the Indian and Pakistani cultures.
  • They are used in literature, music, and film.
  • They are also used in everyday communication.
  • Hindi and Urdu are both beautiful and expressive languages.
  • They are a rich part of the Indian and Pakistani heritage.