UPSC CAPF

41. In which of the following types of economy are the factors of producti

In which of the following types of economy are the factors of production owned individually ?

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Capitalist
Socialist
Mixed
Both socialist and capitalist
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UPSC CAPF – 2011
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In a Capitalist economy, the factors of production are owned individually.
Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production (factors of production like land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship) and their operation for profit.
In contrast, socialist economies typically involve state or collective ownership of the factors of production, while mixed economies combine elements of both private and public ownership and control.

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42. Which one among the following cell organelles in a Eukaryotic cell is

Which one among the following cell organelles in a Eukaryotic cell is acquired during the process of evolution by entrapment or engulfment of Bacterial cells ?

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Peroxisomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
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Mitochondria is a cell organelle in a Eukaryotic cell that is acquired during the process of evolution by entrapment or engulfment of Bacterial cells.
The Endosymbiotic Theory proposes that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells, including mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated as free-living prokaryotic cells that were engulfed by a host cell and established a symbiotic relationship.
Mitochondria are believed to have originated from the engulfment of aerobic bacteria, which occurred in an early eukaryotic ancestor. Chloroplasts originated later from the engulfment of photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) in a lineage of eukaryotes that already possessed mitochondria. Since mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, their acquisition is considered a fundamental step in eukaryotic evolution.

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43. The chief racial groups constituting India’s population are the Dravid

The chief racial groups constituting India’s population are the Dravidian, Aryans, and Mongoloids. Where do the Mongoloids live ?

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Western India
Southern India
North-Eastern India
South-Western India
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The Mongoloid racial groups in India primarily live in North-Eastern India.
Populations with features typically associated with the Mongoloid group are predominantly found in the states located in North-Eastern India, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and Sikkim.
These regions share geographical borders and historical migration patterns with countries in East and Southeast Asia. While India’s population is highly diverse due to complex migrations and interactions over millennia, the concentration of people with distinct characteristics often categorized under broad racial terms like Mongoloid is highest in the Northeast.

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44. The retreating monsoons occur during the months of

The retreating monsoons occur during the months of

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January - February
March - April
June - July
October - November
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The retreating monsoons occur during the months of October – November.
The retreating monsoon season in India follows the peak of the Southwest monsoon (June-September). As the low-pressure trough over the North Indian plains weakens and shifts southwards, the monsoonal winds retreat from the subcontinent.
This period is also associated with clear skies and anticyclonic conditions over large parts of India. However, the retreating monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and causes significant rainfall in some parts of the country, particularly the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Kerala (often referred to as the Northeast Monsoon in these areas).

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45. The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of th

The shape of the population pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. The shape of the pyramid in India is

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bell shaped and tapered towards the top
narrow base and a tapered top
broad base and a tapered top
narrow base and narrow top
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The shape of the population pyramid in India is typically described as a broad base and a tapered top.
A broad base indicates a large proportion of young people (high birth rates), and a tapered top indicates a smaller proportion of older people (due to mortality). India has historically had and continues to have relatively high birth rates (though declining), resulting in a large young population, and mortality rates cause the population size to decrease significantly in older age groups.
Population pyramids with a broad base and tapered top are characteristic of populations experiencing growth. Bell-shaped pyramids indicate a more stable population with moderate growth, while pyramids with a narrow base indicate low birth rates and potentially declining populations.

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46. Father and mother having A and B blood group respectively

Father and mother having A and B blood group respectively

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cannot give birth to child with AB blood group
cannot give birth to child with O blood group
can give birth to child with O blood group
cannot give birth to twin child with B blood group
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A father and mother having A and B blood groups respectively can give birth to a child with O blood group.
Blood group A can have genotypes I^A I^A or I^A i, and blood group B can have genotypes I^B I^B or I^B i. A child with blood group O has the genotype ii. This genotype can only be formed if both parents contribute an ‘i’ allele.
If the father has genotype I^A i (Blood Group A) and the mother has genotype I^B i (Blood Group B), their possible offspring genotypes are I^A I^B (AB), I^A i (A), I^B i (B), and ii (O). Therefore, a child with blood group O is a possible outcome if both parents are heterozygous for their respective blood groups.

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47. Which one of the following consequences will happen if large quantitie

Which one of the following consequences will happen if large quantities of domestic sewage are continuously discharged in a stream ?

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Increase in the algal bloom of the stream water
Increase in the temperature level of the stream water
Reduction in the carbon dioxide level of the stream water
Reduction in the dissolved oxygen level of the stream water
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Discharging large quantities of domestic sewage into a stream will result in a reduction in the dissolved oxygen level of the stream water.
Domestic sewage contains a high concentration of organic matter. Decomposers (primarily aerobic bacteria) break down this organic matter, a process that consumes large amounts of dissolved oxygen from the water (high Biochemical Oxygen Demand – BOD).
A significant drop in dissolved oxygen can be detrimental or fatal to fish and other aquatic organisms, leading to their death and disruption of the aquatic ecosystem. While sewage also contains nutrients that can lead to algal blooms (eutrophication), the immediate and most critical consequence for aquatic life is the depletion of dissolved oxygen.

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48. The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of

The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of

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J.C. Bose
S.N. Bose
Isaac Newton
Albert Einstein
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The name of the particle ‘Boson’ is associated with the name of S.N. Bose.
The term ‘Boson’ is named after the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose (S.N. Bose) for his work on quantum statistics, which laid the foundation for describing the behavior of these particles.
Satyendra Nath Bose collaborated with Albert Einstein, and their joint work led to the development of the Bose-Einstein statistics and the prediction of the Bose-Einstein condensate. Particles that obey Bose-Einstein statistics are called bosons.

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49. Which one among the following phenomena includes processes, such as pr

Which one among the following phenomena includes processes, such as production, predation, nutrient transformation, and the influx and efflux of energy and materials ?

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Ecological function
Ecosystem function
Ecosystem structure
Biogeochemical cycles
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The phenomenon that includes processes like production, predation, nutrient transformation, and the influx and efflux of energy and materials is known as ecosystem function.
Ecosystem functions are the physical, chemical, and biological processes that take place within an ecosystem. These include primary production (conversion of light energy into organic matter, ‘production’), consumption (herbivory, predation), decomposition (breakdown of organic matter, leading to ‘nutrient transformation’), and the overall flow of energy and cycling of materials (‘influx and efflux of energy and materials’). These processes describe how an ecosystem works and maintains itself.
Ecological function is a broader term that could refer to the role of an organism or a process within an ecosystem, but “ecosystem function” specifically describes the sum of processes within the ecosystem itself. Ecosystem structure refers to the composition of the ecosystem (species, biomass, etc.). Biogeochemical cycles are specific pathways of elemental cycling, which are *part* of ecosystem functions but do not encompass all the processes listed (like production and predation as energy flow components).

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50. Which of the following processes would explain ozone losses in the atm

Which of the following processes would explain ozone losses in the atmosphere? When ozone is exposed to

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  • 1. CFCs and UV radiation.
  • 2. long winter circumpolar winds to form ice crystals.
  • 3. singlet oxygen atom and chlorine monoxide.

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1, 2 and 3
2 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
1 and 3 only
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All three listed processes contribute to ozone losses in the atmosphere.
1. CFCs (and other halogenated hydrocarbons like halons) are transported to the stratosphere where UV radiation breaks them down, releasing reactive chlorine and bromine atoms. These halogen atoms catalyze the destruction of ozone (O3). Thus, statement 1 is correct.
2. In polar regions during winter, extremely cold temperatures and the presence of the polar vortex (circumpolar winds) lead to the formation of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), which can consist of ice crystals or nitric acid particles. These clouds provide surfaces for heterogeneous chemical reactions that convert less reactive halogen compounds into highly reactive forms (like Cl2). When sunlight returns in spring, these reactive forms are photolyzed, releasing large amounts of chlorine and bromine atoms, leading to rapid ozone depletion (the ozone hole). Thus, statement 2 is correct.
3. Ozone destruction primarily occurs through catalytic cycles involving reactive species. A key cycle involves chlorine monoxide (ClO) and oxygen atoms (O). Chlorine atoms react with ozone (Cl + O3 -> ClO + O2). Chlorine monoxide then reacts with an oxygen atom (ClO + O -> Cl + O2), regenerating the chlorine atom. The oxygen atoms (O) in the stratosphere are formed by the photolysis of oxygen molecules (O2) by UV light; these can be in ground (triplet) or excited (singlet) states, and both react with ClO. Thus, statement 3 refers to the reactive intermediates and partners involved in the catalytic destruction cycle and is correct.
The processes described in statements 1, 2, and 3 collectively explain how human-produced substances like CFCs lead to significant ozone depletion, particularly pronounced over the polar regions due to the unique meteorological conditions that facilitate the reactions on PSCs.

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