UPSC CAPF

1. Which of the following best represents the cells of a meristem of

Which of the following best represents the cells of a meristem of plant?

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Dense cytoplasm, thin cell wall, large nuclei and absence of vacuoles
Dense cytoplasm, thin cell wall, large nuclei and large vacuoles
Dense cytoplasm, thin cell wall, small nuclei and absence of vacuoles
Dense cytoplasm, thick cell wall, small nuclei and large vacuoles
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UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The correct answer is A) Dense cytoplasm, thin cell wall, large nuclei and absence of vacuoles.
Meristematic cells are undifferentiated plant cells that are actively undergoing cell division. Characteristics of these cells include dense cytoplasm, thin primary cell walls (as they are rapidly growing and dividing), relatively large and prominent nuclei (controlling the cell cycle), and usually small or absent vacuoles, which would otherwise occupy significant volume and potentially hinder rapid division.
Mature plant cells typically have thick cell walls and a large central vacuole that can occupy up to 90% of the cell volume. Meristematic cells are found in regions of active growth, such as root tips, shoot tips, and vascular cambium.

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2. Lysosomes are sacs of the cell filled with digestive enzymes. These di

Lysosomes are sacs of the cell filled with digestive enzymes. These digestive enzymes are synthesized by

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Golgi bodies
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
lysosome itself
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The correct answer is C) rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Lysosomal enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes that are proteins. Proteins destined for secretion or for inclusion in membrane-bound organelles like lysosomes are synthesized on ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). These proteins are then processed within the RER and subsequently transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and packaging into vesicles, which bud off to form lysosomes.
Golgi bodies are involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage. Lysosomes themselves are membrane-bound organelles containing the digestive enzymes; they do not synthesize the enzymes.

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3. Which of the following combinations correctly represents the genetic m

Which of the following combinations correctly represents the genetic materials in prokaryotes and eukaryotes respectively?

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Nucleoid and Chromatin
Chromatin and Nucleoid
Nucleoid and Nucleolus
Nucleolus and Chromatin
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UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The correct answer is A) Nucleoid and Chromatin.
Prokaryotes (like bacteria) lack a membrane-bound nucleus. Their genetic material (usually a single circular chromosome) is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Eukaryotes (like plants and animals) have a membrane-bound nucleus containing their genetic material, which is organized into multiple linear chromosomes composed of DNA wrapped around proteins (histones) forming a structure called chromatin.
The nucleolus is a dense structure found within the eukaryotic nucleus, involved in ribosome synthesis, not the primary form of the entire genetic material itself. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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4. Which one of the following is a semi- conductor device that is used to

Which one of the following is a semi- conductor device that is used to increase the power of the incoming signals by preserving the shape of the original signal?

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Transistor
Flip-flop
Diode
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The correct answer is B) Transistor.
A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used as an electronic switch or amplifier. When used as an amplifier, it takes a small input signal and produces a larger output signal, effectively increasing the power (voltage, current, or both) while aiming to preserve the original signal shape.
A register is a small, fast storage location in a CPU. A flip-flop is a basic memory element that can store a single bit of binary data. A diode is a semiconductor device that primarily allows current to flow in one direction. While semiconductors are involved in all these devices, the function described (increasing signal power while preserving shape) is characteristic of a transistor used as an amplifier.

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5. Which one of the following protocols is not an application layer of th

Which one of the following protocols is not an application layer of the TCP/IP model?

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FTP
HTTP
DNS
IP
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UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The correct answer is D) IP.
The TCP/IP model is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of the networking system. It typically consists of four layers: Application Layer, Transport Layer, Internet Layer (or Network Layer), and Link Layer (or Network Interface Layer). FTP (File Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and DNS (Domain Name System) are all protocols that operate at the Application Layer, providing services to applications. IP (Internet Protocol) operates at the Internet Layer, responsible for addressing and routing packets across networks.
The Application layer is the highest layer in the TCP/IP model, interacting directly with software applications. The Transport layer (e.g., TCP, UDP) provides end-to-end communication services. The Internet layer (IP) handles routing and addressing. The Link layer deals with the physical transmission medium and local network addressing (like MAC addresses).

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6. Which one of the following is not an operating system?

Which one of the following is not an operating system?

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MS-Windows
Linux
Ubuntu
MS-Excel
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UPSC CAPF – 2022
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An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. MS-Windows, Linux, and Ubuntu are all examples of widely used operating systems. MS-Excel, on the other hand, is an application software, specifically a spreadsheet program, used for data analysis, calculations, and visualization. It runs *on* an operating system.
The question asks to identify which option is *not* an operating system. Operating systems are fundamental software that allows other programs to run and manage hardware, while application software performs specific user tasks.
Examples of operating systems include Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Examples of application software include word processors (like MS Word), web browsers (like Chrome, Firefox), email clients, media players, games, and spreadsheet programs (like MS-Excel).

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7. The organisms that prefer high salt concentration habitats refer to as

The organisms that prefer high salt concentration habitats refer to as

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alkaliphiles
calcifuges
halophiles
nitrophiles
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Organisms that thrive in environments with high concentrations of salt are specifically referred to as halophiles. These organisms have adaptations that allow them to survive in conditions that would be lethal to most other forms of life, such as salt flats, salt lakes, and curing brines.
The question asks for the scientific term for organisms that prefer high salt concentrations. Halophiles are a type of extremophile organism.
Alkaliphiles are organisms that thrive in alkaline environments (high pH). Calcifuges are plants that avoid calcium-rich soils. Nitrophiles are organisms, typically plants, that prefer environments rich in nitrogen compounds, often associated with pollution or manure.

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8. The boundary layer of the forest at which the energy exchange occurs a

The boundary layer of the forest at which the energy exchange occurs and some insolation is returned directly to space is

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forest floor
forest soil
forest canopy
forest litter
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UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The forest canopy, which is the upper layer formed by the crowns of trees, is the primary interface between the forest ecosystem and the atmosphere. This is where the majority of solar radiation is intercepted, leading to energy exchange through processes like photosynthesis, transpiration, and radiation absorption/reflection. A significant portion of incoming solar radiation is absorbed or reflected by the canopy, influencing the microclimate below and contributing to the Earth’s energy balance (with some insolation reflected back to space).
The question describes the boundary layer of the forest involved in significant energy exchange and reflection of insolation. This description perfectly matches the functions of the forest canopy.
The forest floor, soil, and litter are important components of the forest ecosystem but are not the primary interface for the initial large-scale energy exchange with the atmosphere via direct insolation and radiation. The canopy is the highest and most exposed layer, thus playing this crucial role.

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9. Trough and ridge are

Trough and ridge are

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elongated area of low pressure and of high pressure respectively
elongated areas of low pressure
elongated areas of high pressure
elongated area of high pressure and of low pressure respectively
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2022
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In meteorology, a trough is an elongated area of relatively low atmospheric pressure. It is often associated with fronts and can lead to unsettled weather. A ridge is an elongated area of relatively high atmospheric pressure. Ridges are typically associated with stable atmospheric conditions and fair weather.
Trough and ridge are terms used in meteorology to describe the shape of isobars (lines of equal pressure) on a weather map, indicating areas of relatively low and high pressure respectively.
Troughs extend away from the center of a low-pressure system, while ridges extend away from the center of a high-pressure system. These features are important for understanding atmospheric circulation and predicting weather patterns.

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10. A runner’s average speed reduces by 25% every hour. If he runs 16 km i

A runner’s average speed reduces by 25% every hour. If he runs 16 km in the first hour and he runs for 3 hours, then what is his overall average speed?

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12 km/hr
12.33 km/hr
10.33 km/hr
13 km/hr
This question was previously asked in
UPSC CAPF – 2022
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The runner runs for 3 hours. In the first hour, the speed is 16 km/hr, so the distance covered is $16 \times 1 = 16$ km. The speed reduces by 25% every hour. Speed in the second hour = $16 \times (1 – 0.25) = 16 \times 0.75 = 12$ km/hr. Distance covered in the second hour = $12 \times 1 = 12$ km. Speed in the third hour = $12 \times (1 – 0.25) = 12 \times 0.75 = 9$ km/hr. Distance covered in the third hour = $9 \times 1 = 9$ km. The total distance covered in 3 hours is $16 + 12 + 9 = 37$ km. The total time taken is 3 hours. The overall average speed is Total Distance / Total Time = $\frac{37}{3}$ km/hr. $\frac{37}{3} \approx 12.333$ km/hr.
Average speed is calculated as total distance divided by total time. The speed changes each hour, so we must calculate the distance covered in each hour and sum them up.
Note that average speed is not simply the average of the speeds in each hour (which would be $(16+12+9)/3 = 37/3 \approx 12.33$ km/hr in this specific case because each speed was maintained for one hour). The formula for average speed is always Total Distance / Total Time, which is the correct approach here.

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