UPSC CAPF Archives

31. Lactic acid is formed in the muscles during exercise or running. It is

Lactic acid is formed in the muscles during exercise or running. It is formed :

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to give extra energy from fat.

to give extra oxygen from lungs.

to give extra energy from glucose.

to give extra energy from vitamins.

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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During intense exercise, when oxygen supply to muscles may not meet the demand for aerobic respiration, muscle cells can generate ATP (energy) through anaerobic glycolysis. Glucose is broken down to pyruvate, which is then converted to lactate (lactic acid) in the absence of sufficient oxygen. This process regenerates NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue and produce a small amount of ATP from glucose, providing extra energy when aerobic pathways are limited.

Lactic acid is produced during anaerobic respiration in muscles, which occurs when oxygen is insufficient for aerobic metabolism. This process allows glycolysis to continue, yielding ATP from glucose for energy.

Anaerobic respiration primarily uses glucose, not fat, as the substrate. Lactic acid formation happens due to a lack of sufficient oxygen supply, not to provide extra oxygen. Vitamins are not used as a direct energy source.

32. For the digestion of carbohydrate, protein and fat, enzymes such as am

For the digestion of carbohydrate, protein and fat, enzymes such as amylase, trypsin and lipase are required. It is secreted into the duodenum through :

Bile

Plasma

Lymph

Pancreatic juice

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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Amylase (for carbohydrates), trypsin (for proteins), and lipase (for fats) are major digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas. The pancreas releases these enzymes, along with other components, as pancreatic juice. Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, through the pancreatic duct to facilitate the digestion of food entering from the stomach.

The pancreas produces and secretes a suite of digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, proteases like trypsin and chymotrypsin) via the pancreatic duct into the duodenum.

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, then secreted into the duodenum. Bile aids in fat digestion by emulsification, but it does not contain the enzymes amylase, trypsin, or lipase. Plasma and lymph are components of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, not involved in secreting digestive enzymes into the digestive tract.

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33. The lymph is mainly formed from the plasma of blood and it surrounds t

The lymph is mainly formed from the plasma of blood and it surrounds the cells. The main difference between blood and lymph is :

Lymph does not contain red blood cells.

Lymph does not contain white blood cells.

Lymph contains both red blood cells and white blood cells.

Lymph does not contain any cells.

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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Lymph is essentially interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels. Interstitial fluid is formed from blood plasma that filters out of capillaries. While plasma contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, proteins, water, and dissolved substances, red blood cells are generally too large to pass through capillary walls into the interstitial space. Therefore, lymph, derived from interstitial fluid, does not contain red blood cells.

Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Lymph consists of plasma components and white blood cells (mainly lymphocytes), but significantly lacks red blood cells and platelets.

Lymph does contain white blood cells, particularly lymphocytes, which are crucial for the immune system and are found in large numbers in lymph nodes. The absence of red blood cells is a key distinguishing feature compared to blood.

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34. In humans, urea is mainly formed from the metabolism of which one of t

In humans, urea is mainly formed from the metabolism of which one of the following components of food ?

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Fatty acids

Vitamins

Amino acids

Glucose

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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Urea is the main nitrogenous waste product excreted by mammals. It is formed in the liver through the urea cycle, which processes excess amino groups from the breakdown of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and their metabolism yields nitrogen that must be eliminated from the body, primarily as urea.

Amino acids, derived from protein digestion, contain nitrogen. The liver converts this excess nitrogen into urea for excretion.

Fatty acids are primarily metabolized for energy storage and production. Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for various metabolic processes. Glucose is the primary source of energy through cellular respiration. While the metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are interconnected, urea formation specifically relates to the detoxification of nitrogen from amino acid breakdown.

35. Which of the following is/are important markers for the archaeologists

Which of the following is/are important markers for the archaeologists to identify an archaeological site as a ‘center of craft production’?

1. Evidence of raw materials such as stone nodules, whole shells, etc.
2. Geographical expanse of the site
3. Evidence of unfinished objects, rejects and waste material
4. Evidence of variety of pottery

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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1 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 4 only

3 only

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An archaeological site can be identified as a ‘center of craft production’ based on the presence of evidence directly related to manufacturing processes. The availability of raw materials indicates where production inputs were sourced. Evidence of unfinished objects, rejects, and waste material are direct indicators of manufacturing activities taking place at the site; unfinished items show stages of production, rejects show errors or discards from the process, and waste materials are byproducts of production. These elements combined strongly suggest on-site craft production.

Key markers of craft production sites include the presence of raw materials, tools used for production, and evidence of the production process itself, such as unfinished goods, broken or rejected pieces, and debris/waste material.

Geographical expanse of a site (Statement 2) relates to its size and potentially population or range of activities, but not specifically to craft production. While a large site might include craft production areas, size itself isn’t a direct marker. Evidence of variety of pottery (Statement 4) indicates trade, consumption, or diverse cultural influences at a site, but not necessarily pottery production on-site unless accompanied by evidence like kilns, specific clay sources, or manufacturing tools/waste.

36. Which one of the following pairs of books and their authors is not cor

Which one of the following pairs of books and their authors is not correctly matched ?

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Bandi Jiwan : Sachindranath Sanyal

The Philosophy of the Bomb : Bhagwati Charan Vohra

Indian Unrest : Annie Besant

Desher Katha : Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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Let’s check the pairs:
A) Bandi Jiwan: Written by Sachindranath Sanyal. This is correctly matched. Sanyal was a revolutionary, and ‘Bandi Jiwan’ is his autobiographical account.
B) The Philosophy of the Bomb: Written by Bhagwati Charan Vohra. This is correctly matched. Vohra, a member of HSRA, wrote this as a response to Gandhi’s critique of revolutionary violence.
C) Indian Unrest: This book was written by Valentine Chirol, an English journalist. Annie Besant was a harsh critic of this book as it portrayed Indian nationalism negatively and linked it to figures like B.G. Tilak. Therefore, the pair “Indian Unrest : Annie Besant” is *not* correctly matched.
D) Desher Katha: Written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar. This is correctly matched. This book in Bengali was very influential during the Swadeshi movement, highlighting the economic exploitation by the British.
The incorrect match is option C.

Valentine Chirol wrote ‘Indian Unrest’. Annie Besant was a critic of this book.

Valentine Chirol’s ‘Indian Unrest’ was published in 1910. B.G. Tilak filed a defamation suit against Chirol in London for remarks made in the book.

37. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

List-I (Harappan Site)	List-II (Location)
A. Nageshwar	1. Uttar Pradesh
B. Alamgirpur	2. Rajasthan
C. Kalibangan	3. Saurashtra
D. Rakhigarhi	4. Haryana

Code :

A B C D

3 1 2 4

4 2 1 3

4 1 2 3

3 2 1 4

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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Let’s match the Harappan sites with their locations:
A. Nageshwar: Located on the southern coast of Saurashtra in Gujarat. Known as a centre for shell working. This matches with 3.
B. Alamgirpur: Located in Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh. It is considered the easternmost site of the Indus Valley Civilization. This matches with 1.
C. Kalibangan: Located in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan, on the banks of the Ghaggar river. Known for its evidence of ploughed fields, fire altars, and early Harappan layers. This matches with 2.
D. Rakhigarhi: Located in Hisar district, Haryana. It is one of the largest, if not the largest, sites of the Indus Valley Civilization. This matches with 4.
The correct sequence is A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4, which corresponds to option A.

Nageshwar (Gujarat/Saurashtra), Alamgirpur (Uttar Pradesh), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Rakhigarhi (Haryana) are important Harappan sites located in different present-day Indian states.

The spread of the Indus Valley Civilization extended across modern-day Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Afghanistan and Iran. Key sites include Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Lothal, Dholavira, Banawali, etc.

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39. Which one of the following commissions was not associated with public

Which one of the following commissions was not associated with public services in India ?

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Aitchison Commission

Islington Commission

Lee Commission

Radhakrishnan Commission

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UPSC CAPF – 2023

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The Aitchison Commission (1886), the Islington Commission (1912), and the Lee Commission (1923) were all commissions appointed during the British Raj to review and make recommendations regarding the Indian Public Services (civil services). The Radhakrishnan Commission (1948), also known as the University Education Commission, was appointed after India’s independence to examine the state of university education and suggest improvements. Therefore, the Radhakrishnan Commission was not associated with the public services in the sense of civil administration, but with education.

Aitchison, Islington, and Lee Commissions dealt with Public Services/Civil Services during British rule. The Radhakrishnan Commission dealt with University Education after independence.

The recommendations of these commissions significantly influenced the structure, recruitment, and Indianisation of the civil services in British India. The Radhakrishnan Commission’s report was crucial for the development of the higher education system in independent India.

40. An aqueous solution of a salt is known as brine. The salt is :

An aqueous solution of a salt is known as brine. The salt is :

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Sodium chloride

Potassium chloride

Calcium chloride

Sodium nitrate

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Brine is the term used for a highly concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). While other salt solutions exist, “brine” specifically refers to sodium chloride solution, often much more concentrated than seawater. Seawater itself is a form of brine, but artificial brines are typically prepared by dissolving large amounts of NaCl in water for industrial or culinary purposes.

Brine is a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (common salt).

Brine has various uses, including food preservation, as a heat-transfer fluid, for de-icing roads, and in industrial processes like chlor-alkali production.