UPSC CAPF Archives

21. In the Constitution of India, the word ‘Federal’ is used in

In the Constitution of India, the word ‘Federal’ is used in

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the Preamble

Part III

Article 368

nowhere

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The correct option is D) nowhere.

The Constitution of India describes India as a “Union of States” in Article 1. Although the Indian political system exhibits features of both federal and unitary governments (often described as quasi-federal), the term “Federal” is not explicitly used in the text of the Constitution.

The Constitution establishes a dual polity with distinct powers for the Union and State governments (federal feature), but also vests significant powers with the Centre, providing for a strong unitary bias. Legal scholars and the Supreme Court have described the Indian system in various ways, but the foundational document itself avoids using the term ‘federal’.

22. Which of the following is/are the part/parts of the procedure for the

Which of the following is/are the part/parts of the procedure for the impeachment of a Judge of the Supreme Court of India ?

1. A motion signed by atleast 100 members of Lok Sabha or 50 members of Rajya Sabha is delivered to the Speaker or Chairman.
2. The motion is investigated by a Committee of three Jurists constituted by the Speaker or Chairman.
3. The Judge will be removed by the Speaker or Chairman if the Committee of three Jurists recommends.

Select the correct answer using the code given below :

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1, 2 and 3

1 and 2 only

2 and 3 only

1 only

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The correct option is B) 1 and 2 only.

Statement 1 correctly describes the initiation of the impeachment procedure in Parliament. Statement 2 correctly describes the mandatory investigation by a three-member committee constituted by the presiding officer. Statement 3 is incorrect because the Speaker or Chairman does not remove the judge; removal requires a vote in *both* Houses of Parliament by a special majority, followed by an order from the President.

The procedure for removal of a Supreme Court or High Court Judge is governed by Article 124(4) and the Judges (Inquiry) Act, 1968. The process involves the initiation of a motion in Parliament, investigation by a committee, and if the committee finds grounds for removal, consideration and voting by each House of Parliament. The motion for removal must be passed by a special majority in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha before it is sent to the President for the final order of removal.

23. Import substitution implies

Import substitution implies

importing new items in place of old items of import

gradual reduction of imported goods to save foreign exchange

increasing domestic supply of goods by imposing import restrictions

replacing import items by domestic production of such items

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The correct option is D) replacing import items by domestic production of such items.

Import substitution is an economic strategy where a country aims to reduce its dependence on foreign imports by promoting domestic production of goods that were previously imported. The core idea is to replace imported goods with domestically manufactured ones.

Import substitution industrialization (ISI) was a popular development strategy in many developing countries, particularly in the mid-20th century. It often involves using protectionist measures like tariffs and quotas to make imports more expensive or difficult, thereby encouraging domestic industries to develop and produce these goods. While a potential outcome might be saving foreign exchange (Option B) and tools might involve import restrictions (Option C), the definition is the act of replacing imports with domestic production.

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24. Which one among the following is not a component of fiscal policy ?

Which one among the following is *not* a component of fiscal policy ?

Taxation policy

Public debt policy

Trade policy

Public expenditure policy

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The correct option is C) Trade policy.

Fiscal policy refers to the use of government spending and taxation to influence the economy. It includes decisions about government revenue (taxation policy), government expenditure (public expenditure policy), and how the government manages its finances, including borrowing (public debt policy). Trade policy, which deals with international trade regulations like tariffs, quotas, and agreements, is a part of overall economic policy but is distinct from fiscal policy.

Fiscal policy is primarily concerned with the government’s budget – how it earns income (mostly through taxes) and how it spends money. These decisions impact aggregate demand, inflation, employment, and economic growth. Monetary policy, controlled by the central bank, is another major tool for influencing the economy, dealing with interest rates and money supply. Trade policy falls under the broader umbrella of economic policy but is not typically classified as a component of *fiscal* policy.

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25. The Nagar style of architecture developed mostly in

The Nagar style of architecture developed mostly in

South India

North India

North-West India

North-East India

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The correct option is B) North India.

Indian temple architecture is broadly classified into three styles: Nagar, Dravida, and Vesara. The Nagar style, characterized by its curvilinear shikhara (spire), developed and is predominantly found in the northern regions of India, extending into central and eastern parts as well.

The Nagar style typically includes a sanctuary (garbhagriha) and one or more mandapas (halls) covered by shikharas. Examples include the Khajuraho temples, Sun Temple at Konark, Lingaraj Temple at Bhubaneswar, and temples in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The Dravida style is found in South India and features tiered pyramidal towers (vimanas). The Vesara style, found in the Deccan, is a hybrid blend of Nagar and Dravida characteristics.

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26. India is a land of many beautiful ancient temples. Which one among the

India is a land of many beautiful ancient temples. Which one among the following temples displays the most extensive and sumptuous rock-cut shrines and is the most marvellous architectural freak in India ?

The Rath temple at Mamallapuram

The Kailash temple at Ellora

The Chaturbhuja-Vishnu temple at Khajuraho

The Kailash temple at Kanchi

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The correct option is B) The Kailash temple at Ellora.

The description “most extensive and sumptuous rock-cut shrines” and “most marvellous architectural freak” perfectly fits the Kailash Temple (Cave 16) at Ellora. It is a monolithic structure carved out of a single rock face, designed to replicate a structural temple, and is unparalleled in scale and craftsmanship among rock-cut monuments in India.

The Kailash Temple at Ellora, built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty (likely under King Krishna I in the 8th century), is one of the most spectacular examples of Indian rock-cut architecture. It is carved top-down from a single massive rock, creating a complete temple complex with a main shrine, gateway, pavilions, and courtyard. The Rath temples at Mamallapuram are also monolithic but are much smaller and less complex. The temples at Khajuraho and the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchi are structural temples, built stone by stone, not rock-cut.

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27. The Bahmani architecture in the Deccan is marked by its distinct origi

The Bahmani architecture in the Deccan is marked by its distinct originality and independent style. Which of the following statements about Bahmani architecture are correct ?

1. It derived its elements from the architectural styles of the Delhi Sultanate and that of distant Persia.
2. The forts built by the Bahmanis were undoubtedly the greatest monuments far exceeding any of the same period in Europe.
3. Bahmani architecture did reflect a harmonious blend of both Hindu and Islamic styles.

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1, 2 and 3

2 and 3 only

1 and 3 only

1 and 2 only

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The correct option is C) 1 and 3 only.

Statement 1 is correct as Bahmani architecture blended influences from the Delhi Sultanate (especially Tughlaq styles) and Persia. Statement 3 is correct because, like much Indo-Islamic architecture, Bahmani structures incorporated local Indian craftsmanship and decorative elements, resulting in a blend of styles. Statement 2 is an exaggeration and is incorrect; while Bahmani forts like Gulbarga and Bidar were impressive, claiming they “far exceeded any of the same period in Europe” is not historically accurate or justifiable.

Bahmani architecture features characteristics such as large domes, tall minarets, arcades, and the use of stucco work, tiles (especially Persian tiles), and intricate carvings. Examples include the Jami Masjid at Gulbarga (unique for its covered prayer hall), the tomb of Muhammad Shah I, and the fortified cities of Bidar and Gulbarga. The influence from Delhi Sultanate architecture (transferred by artisans moving south) and Persian styles (due to connections with Persia) is evident. Local Indian artistic skills were also employed, contributing to the fusion of styles, although the degree of Hindu-Islamic fusion can be debated compared to later periods.

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28. Certain measures of Dalhousie created serious discontent in India, whi

Certain measures of Dalhousie created serious discontent in India, which were also responsible for the revolt of 1857. Which of the following measures was *not* one of them ?

Doctrine of Lapse

Introduction of Railways and Telegraph

Abolition of titles and pensions of several rulers

Educational reforms

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The correct option is B) Introduction of Railways and Telegraph.

While the introduction of Railways and Telegraph lines by Dalhousie was a significant modernization effort that served British strategic and economic interests and caused some social disruption, it was not a primary cause of the widespread discontent among Indian rulers, soldiers, and the populace that directly led to the Revolt of 1857 in the same way as the Doctrine of Lapse, abolition of titles and pensions, and perceived interference through educational reforms.

Lord Dalhousie’s administration (1848-1856) introduced several controversial policies. The Doctrine of Lapse led to the annexation of states like Satara, Nagpur, and Jhansi on the pretext of lack of a natural heir, causing immense resentment among Indian rulers. The abolition of titles and pensions of deposed rulers (like Nana Saheb) further fueled political discontent. Educational reforms and associated social changes were viewed with suspicion by traditional elements, who feared interference with their religion and customs. The introduction of Railways and Telegraph, while transformative, was primarily seen by Indians as serving the British rulers and not a direct cause of the specific type of political, social, or religious discontent that ignited the revolt. The immediate trigger was the greased cartridges issue, but the underlying causes included Dalhousie’s annexations and reforms.

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29. India has identified ten new hydropower projects for development to ac

India has identified ten new hydropower projects for development to achieve the target of import of 10,000 MW of hydropower from a neighbouring country by 2020. Which is that country ?

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Bhutan

Nepal

Sri Lanka

Bangladesh

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India has identified ten new hydropower projects for development to achieve the target of importing 10,000 MW of hydropower from Bhutan by 2020.

India has a long-standing and extensive cooperation with Bhutan in the hydropower sector. India provides financial and technical assistance for building major hydropower projects in Bhutan, and in return, India has the right to buy the surplus power generated from these projects. This cooperation is a significant source of revenue for Bhutan and helps India meet its energy demands. The target of importing 10,000 MW by 2020 is part of this bilateral framework.

Several large hydropower projects have been built or are under construction in Bhutan with Indian assistance, such as Chukha, Tala, Kurichhu, Punatsangchhu I & II, and Mangdechhu. These projects are primarily geared towards power export to India. While India also cooperates with Nepal on hydropower, the scale and specific target mentioned align more closely with the established framework and ongoing projects with Bhutan around the 2011 timeframe.

30. The Economic Survey 2010 – 2011 has suggested the creation of a Nation

The Economic Survey 2010 – 2011 has suggested the creation of a National Forest Land Bank to

settle disputes between agitating farmers and POSCO in Orissa

resolve differences between nodal ministries like Coal and Power and the Ministry of Environment

meet the UP farmers demand for higher compensation

provide relief to the farmers of Vidarbha in Maharashtra

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The Economic Survey 2010-2011 suggested the creation of a National Forest Land Bank primarily to resolve differences and expedite clearances for development projects between ministries like Coal and Power and the Ministry of Environment.

The Economic Survey highlighted the delays and conflicts arising from obtaining forest clearances for infrastructure and industrial projects. The proposal for a National Forest Land Bank aimed to create a pool of readily available non-forest land across different agro-ecological zones. This land could then be used for compensatory afforestation, a mandatory requirement when forest land is diverted for non-forest purposes. By having land readily available, the process of granting forest clearances could be streamlined, addressing the bottlenecks faced by development ministries and industries, thereby resolving conflicts with the Environment Ministry.

Compensatory afforestation requires planting trees on an equivalent area of non-forest land or on degraded forest land. Identifying and acquiring suitable land for this purpose was a major cause of delay. The Land Bank concept was intended as a mechanism to overcome this hurdle and facilitate faster clearances for critical projects.

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