UPSC_CS MAINS 2023 Paper I

Points to Remember: Disparity between economic growth and human development indicators in India. Factors hindering human development: inequality, governance, infrastructure, education, healthcare. Need for inclusive growth strategies focusing on human capital development. Introduction: India has experienced remarkable economic growth over the past few decades, achieving impressive GDP growth rates. However, this economic progress hasn’t translated … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s transformation from a net food importer to a net exporter. Key factors contributing to this shift. Challenges and future prospects. Introduction: India’s journey from a nation grappling with widespread food insecurity in the 1960s to a significant global food exporter is a remarkable story of agricultural transformation. In the 1960s, India … Read more

Points to Remember: Fjord formation process (glacial erosion) Unique geological features of fjords Aesthetic appeal of fjords (steep cliffs, deep water, diverse ecosystems) Tourism and economic importance of fjords Introduction: Fjords are long, narrow, deep inlets of the sea between high cliffs or mountains, typically formed by glacial erosion. They are a striking geological feature … Read more

Points to Remember: The South-West Monsoon’s easterly nature in Bhojpur. The influence of the monsoon on Bhojpur’s culture. Agricultural practices. Social structures. Religious beliefs. Artistic expressions. Introduction: The South-West Monsoon, a crucial meteorological phenomenon for the Indian subcontinent, is known by various names across different regions. In the Bhojpur region of Bihar, India, it is … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s extensive coastline possesses diverse resource potentials (fishing, tourism, minerals, energy). Coastal areas are vulnerable to natural hazards (cyclones, tsunamis, coastal erosion). Disaster preparedness varies significantly across different coastal regions. Sustainable management of coastal resources is crucial for economic growth and environmental protection. Introduction: India boasts the seventh-longest coastline globally, stretching approximately … Read more

Points to Remember: Factors influencing India’s diverse vegetation: Climate (temperature, rainfall, humidity), soil type, altitude, topography, and human impact. Significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rainforests: Conservation of biodiversity, protection of endangered species, ecological balance maintenance, research and education, ecotourism. Introduction: India boasts an exceptionally diverse range of natural vegetation, a direct result of its varied … Read more

Points to Remember: Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Reduced crop yields and livestock productivity. Water scarcity and changes in water availability. Increased pest and disease outbreaks. Impacts on fisheries and aquaculture. Social and economic consequences, including displacement and migration. Adaptation and mitigation strategies. Introduction: Climate change, driven primarily by anthropogenic greenhouse gas … Read more

Points to Remember: Scarcity: Growing populations and increasing demands from agriculture, industry, and domestic use are outpacing the sustainable supply of freshwater. Unequal Distribution: Freshwater resources are unevenly distributed geographically, leading to water stress in certain regions. Pollution: Contamination from industrial discharge, agricultural runoff, and sewage reduces the availability of potable water. Climate Change: Altered … Read more

Points to Remember: The relationship between economic policies and ethnic/communal identities is complex and multifaceted. Post-liberal economies often involve deregulation, privatization, and globalization, which can have both unifying and divisive effects on communities. The impact on communalism depends on pre-existing social structures, political contexts, and government responses. A balanced approach is crucial, acknowledging both positive … Read more

Points to Remember: Rising mental health issues among young women in India. Societal pressures and expectations. Lack of access to mental healthcare. Impact of social media and technology. Economic factors and unemployment. Introduction: Suicide is a tragic and complex issue, and its increasing prevalence among young women in India is a matter of grave concern. … Read more