UPSC_CS MAINS 2020 Paper IV

Points to Remember: Socrates’ critique of morality based on relative emotional values. The inherent instability of emotion-based morality. The need for objective moral principles. Contrasting perspectives on morality: subjective vs. objective. Introduction: Socrates, a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, famously condemned morality rooted in fluctuating emotions. His quote, “A system of morality which is … Read more

Points to Remember: The inherent connection between self-discovery and selfless service. The transformative power of altruism. Potential challenges and limitations of this approach. The importance of balance between self-care and service to others. Introduction: Mahatma Gandhi’s quote, “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others,” encapsulates a profound … Read more

Points to Remember: Swami Vivekananda’s quote emphasizes compassion, non-judgment, and respecting individual agency. The quote promotes a proactive approach to helping others while acknowledging limitations. It highlights the importance of empathy and avoiding condemnation. Introduction: Swami Vivekananda’s quote, “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, … Read more

Points to Remember: Core Buddhist teachings: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Karma, Rebirth, Nirvana. Relevance to modern issues: stress reduction, ethical conduct, compassion, social justice, environmental awareness. Contemporary applications: mindfulness practices, meditation, ethical consumerism, social activism. Introduction: Gautama Buddha’s teachings, originating in ancient India over 2500 years ago, continue to resonate deeply with people across … Read more

Points to Remember: Laws are formally enacted and enforced by the state, carrying legal consequences for violation. Rules are guidelines or regulations within specific contexts, often lacking the formal backing of the state. Ethics provides a moral compass for creating both laws and rules, ensuring fairness, justice, and societal well-being. Introduction: Laws and rules are … Read more

Points to Remember: Socrates’ critique of morality based on relative emotional values. The inherent instability of emotion-based morality. The need for objective moral principles. Contrasting perspectives on morality: subjective vs. objective. Introduction: Socrates, a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, famously criticized morality rooted in fluctuating emotions. His quote, “A system of morality which is … Read more

Points to Remember: The inherent connection between self-discovery and selfless service. The psychological and societal benefits of altruism. Potential limitations and counterarguments. The importance of balance between self-care and service to others. Introduction: Mahatma Gandhi’s quote, “The best way to find yourself is to lose yourself in the service of others,” encapsulates a profound philosophy … Read more

Points to Remember: Swami Vivekananda’s quote emphasizes compassion, non-judgment, and the limits of personal intervention. It promotes a balance between active help and respectful non-interference. The quote highlights the importance of empathy and acceptance. Introduction: Swami Vivekananda’s quote, “Condemn none: if you can stretch out a helping hand, do so. If not, fold your hands, … Read more

Points to Remember: Core Buddhist teachings: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, concept of Karma and Rebirth, Nirvana. Relevance to modern issues: stress reduction, ethical conduct, social harmony, environmental consciousness. Contemporary applications: mindfulness practices, meditation, conflict resolution. Introduction: Gautama Buddha’s teachings, originating in ancient India over 2500 years ago, continue to resonate deeply with people across … Read more

Points to Remember: Laws are formally enacted and enforced by the state, carrying legal consequences for violation. Rules are guidelines or regulations within specific contexts, often lacking the formal backing of the state. Ethics provides a moral compass for creating laws and rules that are just, fair, and beneficial to society. Introduction: Laws and rules … Read more