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Points to Remember: Causes of Mangrove Depletion: Deforestation, aquaculture, pollution, climate change, coastal development. Importance of Mangroves: Coastal protection, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, fisheries support, livelihood provision. Introduction: Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical coastlines. They form unique and highly productive ecosystems, acting as a crucial buffer … Read more

Points to Remember: Ocean currents are continuous, directed movements of ocean water, driven by various forces. Water masses are large volumes of water with relatively uniform properties (temperature, salinity). Both currents and water masses significantly influence marine life distribution, coastal climates, and ecosystems. Differences lie primarily in their scale, driving forces, and the nature of … Read more

Points to Remember: Causes of urban flooding in Indian cities (including smart cities). Impact of urbanization, infrastructure deficiencies, and climate change. Existing and proposed remedial measures. Policy recommendations for sustainable urban water management. Introduction: Urban flooding has become a recurring and increasingly severe problem in Indian cities, impacting millions and causing significant economic and social … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s forest cover and its distribution. Deforestation rates and their causes. The role of forests in carbon sequestration and climate regulation. Impact of deforestation on biodiversity and water cycles. Government policies and initiatives for forest conservation. Challenges in forest management and conservation. Introduction: India’s forest resources are crucial for its ecological balance, … Read more

Keywords: Regional resource-based manufacturing, employment, India. Required Approach: Analytical (examining the potential benefits and drawbacks of the strategy). Points to Remember: Regional disparities in resource availability and employment. Linkages between resource availability, manufacturing, and job creation. Challenges in implementing regional resource-based manufacturing strategies. Potential for inclusive growth and sustainable development. Introduction: India faces significant challenges … Read more

Points to Remember: Desertification is land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas. It’s driven by various factors, not solely climate. Human activities significantly accelerate desertification. Global impact necessitates international cooperation for mitigation. Introduction: Desertification, the process by which fertile land becomes desert, is a significant environmental challenge. While often associated with climate change … Read more

Points to Remember: Ring of Fire: The Circum-Pacific zone is also known as the Ring of Fire. Plate Tectonics: Its characteristics are primarily driven by plate tectonics. Volcanism and Seismicity: High volcanic and seismic activity are defining features. Ocean Trenches: Deep ocean trenches are prevalent. Island Arcs: Formation of volcanic island arcs is a key … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s vast geographical area leads to regional variations in solar energy potential. Factors influencing solar energy development include solar irradiance, land availability, grid infrastructure, policy support, and economic conditions. Uneven development necessitates targeted policies and strategies for different regions. Success requires a multi-pronged approach involving technological advancements, financial incentives, and public awareness. … Read more

Keywords: Interlinking of rivers, droughts, floods, navigation, viable solutions, critical examination. Required Approach: Analytical Points to Remember: Potential benefits of interlinking rivers (water security, flood control, navigation). Environmental concerns (ecological impact, displacement of communities). Economic feasibility and social implications. Technological challenges and implementation issues. Governance and policy aspects. Introduction: India’s diverse geography presents a paradox: … Read more

Keywords: Iron and steel industries, location, raw materials, factors influencing location. Required Approach: Primarily factual and analytical, with some elements of explanation. Points to Remember: Proximity to raw materials is not the sole determinant of industrial location. Transportation costs, market access, and labor availability play crucial roles. Decentralization of iron and steel industries is a … Read more