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Points to Remember: Shift from traditional locations: The iron and steel industry has undergone a significant spatial shift away from its traditional locations. Resource-based to market-oriented: The industry’s location is increasingly driven by market proximity rather than solely resource availability. Technological advancements: Technological changes have influenced the industry’s spatial distribution. Government policies: Government policies and … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s strategic partnerships with African nations. India’s economic engagement with Africa (trade, investment, aid). Challenges and opportunities in India-Africa economic relations. The role of South-South cooperation. India’s focus on sustainable and equitable development in Africa. Introduction: India’s relationship with Africa is undergoing a significant transformation, moving beyond traditional diplomatic ties to encompass … Read more

Points to Remember: El Niño’s impact on global climate Other factors influencing unusual climate events Limitations of attributing all unusual climate events solely to El Niño Introduction: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climate pattern that occurs in the tropical Pacific Ocean and has significant global impacts. Characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the … Read more

Points to Remember: Ecological Carrying Capacity: The maximum population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment. This applies to human populations and their activities, including tourism. Environmental Degradation: The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources like water, air … Read more

Points to Remember: India’s geographical diversity and rainfall patterns. Unequal distribution of water resources. Water mismanagement and overuse. Pollution and contamination of water sources. Lack of adequate infrastructure and technology. Climate change impacts. Socio-economic factors contributing to water scarcity. Policy and governance challenges. Introduction: India possesses significant freshwater resources, ranking fourth globally in terms of … Read more

Points to Remember: Indian Monsoon’s Variability: The Indian monsoon is inherently variable, with natural fluctuations occurring over various timescales. Anthropogenic Influence: Human activities, particularly land-use changes, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions, are altering the climate system, potentially impacting monsoon behaviour. Attribution Challenges: Attributing specific monsoon changes solely to human activities is complex due to the … Read more

Points to Remember: Uneven distribution of resources and infrastructure. Land ownership patterns and tenancy systems. Lack of irrigation infrastructure and access to credit. Inadequate extension services and technological support. Policy failures and regional disparities in government investment. Introduction: The Green Revolution, a period of intensified agricultural production from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, dramatically … Read more

Points to Remember: Economic potential of Arctic oil reserves. Environmental vulnerabilities of the Arctic ecosystem. Technological challenges and costs of Arctic oil extraction. International legal and political complexities. Potential for conflict and cooperation. Sustainability and climate change implications. Introduction: The Arctic Sea holds significant untapped oil and gas reserves, attracting considerable international interest. The discovery … Read more

Points to Remember: Join Our Telegram Channel Rural-urban integration Smart city infrastructure & services Sustainable development Economic disparities Digital divide Skill development Inclusive growth Introduction: The statement “Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages” highlights the crucial interdependence between urban and rural development. A truly smart city, characterized by efficient infrastructure, technological advancements, … Read more

Points to Remember: Driving forces of ocean currents: Wind, temperature differences, salinity differences, Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect). Types of ocean currents: Surface currents, deep ocean currents (thermohaline circulation). Influence on climate: Moderation of temperatures, precipitation patterns, distribution of marine life. Influence on fishing: Nutrient upwelling, fish migration patterns. Influence on navigation: Shipping routes, travel times. … Read more