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Points to Remember: Legislative Powers of the Governor: The Governor’s legislative powers are primarily related to ordinance-making. These powers are limited and subject to constitutional checks and balances. Ordinance Promulgation: The Governor can promulgate ordinances when the legislature is not in session. However, this power is not unlimited. Repromulgation of Ordinances: The legality of repeatedly … Read more

Points to Remember: The Vice-President’s role as Rajya Sabha Chairman. Powers and functions as Chairman. Limitations and challenges. Comparison with the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Suggestions for improvement. Introduction: The Vice-President of India holds a unique constitutional position, serving as both the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the first citizen … Read more

Keywords: Presiding Officers, State Legislatures, Order, Impartiality, Legislative Work, Democratic Practices. Required Approach: Primarily factual and analytical, with some elements of opinion-based assessment of best practices. Points to Remember: The crucial role of Presiding Officers in ensuring smooth functioning of state legislatures. Their responsibility in maintaining order and decorum during proceedings. Their impartial conduct in … Read more

Points to Remember: Basic tenets of Indian democracy: Parliamentary system, federalism, secularism, social justice, fundamental rights, and directive principles. Basic tenets of US democracy: Presidential system, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, individual liberties, and representative government. Similarities and differences in their approaches to federalism, judicial review, and the role of the executive. Introduction: … Read more

Points to Remember: Indian secularism’s unique features: positive secularism, emphasis on religious neutrality of the state, and protection of minority rights. French secularism’s historical context and current challenges: laïcité, its potential for exclusion, and debates surrounding religious expression. Areas of potential learning: balancing state neutrality with minority protection, addressing religious discrimination, and promoting social harmony. … Read more

Points to Remember: Convergence: Areas where Indian and UK judicial systems are becoming similar (e.g., use of technology, judicial review). Divergence: Areas where differences remain significant (e.g., judicial appointments, role of the judiciary in policymaking). Comparative Analysis: Focus on comparing and contrasting specific aspects of the two systems. Introduction: The Indian and UK judicial systems, … Read more

Points to Remember: Right to Equality in the US and Indian Constitutions. Distinguishing features: scope, enforcement mechanisms, and historical context. Comparison and contrast of approaches. Potential limitations and challenges. Introduction: The Right to Equality is a cornerstone of democratic societies, guaranteeing fundamental freedoms and preventing discrimination. Both the United States and India enshrine this right … Read more

Points to Remember: Presidential election procedures in India and France. Comparison of electoral systems (indirect vs. direct). Analysis of strengths and weaknesses of each system. Consideration of democratic principles and efficiency. Introduction: The selection of a head of state is a cornerstone of any democratic system. While both India and France are democracies, their methods … Read more

Points to Remember: Parliamentary Sovereignty: The supreme authority of the legislature (Parliament) to make and unmake laws. British Model: Unwritten constitution, absolute parliamentary supremacy, limitations through conventions and judicial review (limited). Indian Model: Written constitution, parliamentary supremacy with limitations, judicial review plays a significant role. Key Differences: Nature of the constitution, role of the judiciary, … Read more

Points to Remember: The amending power of the Parliament under Article 368. Limitations on the Parliament’s amending power as interpreted by the Supreme Court. Key Supreme Court judgments defining the scope of Article 368. The balance between parliamentary sovereignty and judicial review. The ongoing debate on the extent of judicial intervention in constitutional amendments. Introduction: … Read more