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31. Consider the following Jat peasant leaders of 17th and early 18th cent

Consider the following Jat peasant leaders of 17th and early 18th centuries :

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1. Badan Singh
2. Raja Ram Jat
3. Gokula Jat
4. Churaman Jat

Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of the above leaders?

3-2-4-1

1-2-3-4

3-4-1-2

2-3-1-4

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The correct answer is A) 3-2-4-1.

– The chronological order of these Jat leaders is:
1. **Gokula Jat**: Led the first major Jat rebellion against Aurangzeb in 1669.
2. **Raja Ram Jat**: Active in the late 1680s, succeeding Gokula in leadership. He is known for raiding Akbar’s tomb in 1688.
3. **Churaman Jat**: A prominent leader in the early 18th century, consolidated Jat power and is considered the founder of the Jat state of Bharatpur. He died around 1721.
4. **Badan Singh**: Succeeded Churaman’s son and is credited with organizing the Jat state into a powerful entity. He ruled from the 1720s until his death in 1756.

– These leaders played crucial roles in the Jat uprisings against Mughal authority, eventually leading to the establishment of an independent Jat kingdom centered around Bharatpur.

33. Initially, what was the purpose of setting up of the hill stations dur

Initially, what was the purpose of setting up of the hill stations during the colonial period in India?

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To serve as winter capitals for the British

To serve the needs of the British army

To source timber from forests

To set up sanatoria

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The correct answer is D) To set up sanatoria.

– During the colonial period, British officials and soldiers in India faced health challenges due to the tropical climate and diseases prevalent in the plains.
– Hill stations, with their cooler climates, were initially developed as sanatoria and health resorts where personnel could recuperate and escape the unhealthy conditions of the plains during the summer months.
– While they later evolved to serve various administrative, military, and recreational purposes, the primary *initial* purpose was related to health and well-being (sanatoria).

– Option A is incorrect; hill stations typically served as summer capitals (e.g., Simla for the Government of India), not winter capitals.
– Option B, serving the needs of the British army, is too broad, though sanatoria for military personnel were a significant part of this. Option D is more specific to the initial health-related purpose.
– Option C, sourcing timber, was an economic activity but not the primary reason for establishing hill stations themselves.

34. Consider the following statements : The growth of socialist tendency

Consider the following statements :

The growth of socialist tendency in the national movement led to the foundation of the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 under the leadership of Acharya Narendra Deva and Jayaprakash Narayan.
In 1936, Jawaharlal Nehru urged the Congress to accept socialism as its goal and to bring itself closer to the peasantry and the working class.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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1 only

2 only

Both 1 and 2

Neither 1 nor 2

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The correct answer is C) Both 1 and 2.

– Statement 1 is correct. The Congress Socialist Party (CSP) was founded in 1934 by prominent leaders like Acharya Narendra Deva, Jayaprakash Narayan, Minoo Masani, and S.M. Joshi, advocating for socialist ideas within the Indian National Congress.
– Statement 2 is correct. Jawaharlal Nehru had strong socialist convictions. He was a staunch advocate of socialism and used his platform, including his presidential addresses at Congress sessions (like the Lucknow session in 1936), to urge the Congress to embrace socialist goals and connect with the masses, particularly the peasants and workers.

– The CSP aimed to push the Congress towards more radical, pro-poor, and anti-imperialist policies.
– Nehru’s vision of socialism was influenced by Fabianism and Marxism, advocating for state control over key industries and a planned economy for poverty eradication and social justice.

35. Convection currents, which move the tectonic plates, are found in whic

Convection currents, which move the tectonic plates, are found in which layer of the earth?

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Crust

Mantle

Outer core

Inner core

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The correct answer is B) Mantle.

– Convection currents are driven by heat differences and density variations within a fluid or semi-fluid medium.
– In the Earth’s interior, these currents occur in the mantle, which is primarily solid but behaves plastically over long geological timescales, particularly in the upper part called the asthenosphere.
– The convection in the mantle is the primary driving force behind the movement of the tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust.

– The crust is the rigid outermost layer and is moved by the underlying mantle convection.
– The outer core is liquid iron-nickel, but convection here is responsible for generating the Earth’s magnetic field, not directly driving plate tectonics.
– The inner core is solid and extremely hot, but its convection is not relevant to plate movement.

36. Which of the following factors are needed for the growth of corals?

Which of the following factors are needed for the growth of corals?

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Freshwater
Clear shallow salt water
Plenty of sunlight for photo-synthesis
Warm water between 23 °C and 25 °C

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1, 3 and 4 only

2, 3 and 4 only

1 and 2 only

1, 2, 3 and 4

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The factors needed for the growth of corals are clear shallow salt water, plenty of sunlight for photo-synthesis, and warm water between 23 °C and 25 °C.

Coral reefs thrive in specific marine environments characterized by warm, clear, shallow saltwater and sufficient sunlight to support the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) living within the coral tissues.

Let’s evaluate each factor:
1. **Freshwater:** Corals are marine organisms and are highly sensitive to salinity changes. Freshwater input (e.g., from rivers) can be detrimental to coral health. Thus, freshwater is NOT needed.
2. **Clear shallow salt water:** Corals need saltwater. Shallow water allows sunlight penetration. Clear water is crucial because suspended sediment can block sunlight (harming zooxanthellae) and smother corals. This factor is essential.
3. **Plenty of sunlight for photo-synthesis:** Most reef-building corals have symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues. These algae perform photosynthesis and provide the coral with energy. Sufficient sunlight is necessary for this process. This factor is essential.
4. **Warm water between 23 °C and 25 °C:** Corals generally require warm water temperatures, typically between 20°C and 28°C. The range 23-25°C falls well within the optimal temperature zone for many coral species. Sustained temperatures outside this range (too hot or too cold) can cause stress and bleaching. This factor is essential.
Therefore, factors 2, 3, and 4 are needed for the growth of corals.

37. The heaviest rocks, which are rolled along the river bed in river tran

The heaviest rocks, which are rolled along the river bed in river transport, come under which type of load?

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Solution load

Suspension load

Saltation load

Traction load

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The heaviest rocks rolled along the river bed come under traction load.

Traction load refers to the largest and heaviest sediment particles transported by a river, which are moved by being rolled or dragged along the river bed.

River load transport mechanisms include:
– **Solution load:** Dissolved material carried within the water.
– **Suspension load:** Fine particles like clay and silt held up and carried within the main flow of water.
– **Saltation load:** Medium-sized particles like sand and gravel that move by bouncing or hopping along the bed.
– **Traction load:** Coarsest and heaviest material like pebbles, cobbles, and boulders that are rolled or slid along the river bed by the force of the water.
The description “heaviest rocks, which are rolled along the river bed” directly matches the definition of traction load.

38. Which one of the following is not a desert river?

Which one of the following is not a desert river?

Barak

Rupen

Banas

Machchhu

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Barak River is not a desert river.

Desert rivers are typically associated with arid or semi-arid regions, often characterized by ephemeral flow or inland drainage. The Barak River flows through the humid regions of Northeast India and Bangladesh.

The Barak River is a significant river flowing through parts of Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, and Bangladesh. It forms part of the Surma-Meghna River system, which is a major river system in Bangladesh. This region is known for its high rainfall and humid climate, making the Barak River system completely different from rivers found in desert or semi-arid environments. The Rupen, Banas, and Machchhu rivers flow through or originate in the drier or semi-arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat, often terminating in inland drainage systems like the Rann of Kutch, which are characteristic of arid environments.

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39. Which one of the following is the only riverine major port in India?

Which one of the following is the only riverine major port in India?

Mormugao

Deendayal

Kolkata

Paradip

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Kolkata Port is the only riverine major port in India.

A riverine port is located on a river rather than a sea coast. Among India’s major ports, Kolkata Port is situated on the Hooghly River, making it a riverine port.

Kolkata Port is located on the left bank of the Hooghly River, about 126 km inland from the Bay of Bengal. It includes the Kolkata Dock System (KDS) and the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC). Mormugao, Deendayal (Kandla), and Paradip are coastal ports, although Mormugao is at the mouth of a river estuary. Kolkata’s location significantly inland on the Hooghly makes it uniquely classified as a major riverine port.

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40. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the Lists :

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List-I (Tributary)	List-II (River)
A. Sutlej	1. Yamuna
B. Kosi	2. Brahmaputra
C. Teesta	3. Ganga
D. Chambal	4. Indus

A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

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The correct match is A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1.

Understanding the major river systems of India and their key tributaries is essential for geography.

A. Sutlej is a major tributary of the Indus River. It originates in Tibet and flows through Himachal Pradesh and Punjab before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab, which ultimately joins the Indus River. (A-4)
B. Kosi River originates in Nepal and joins the Ganga River in Bihar. It is known as the “Sorrow of Bihar” due to frequent floods. (B-3)
C. Teesta River flows through Sikkim and West Bengal in India and then through Bangladesh before joining the Brahmaputra River. (C-2)
D. Chambal River originates in Madhya Pradesh and flows through Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh before joining the Yamuna River, which is a major tributary of the Ganga River. (D-1)
Matching the lists gives: A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1. This corresponds to Option C.