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- In London: led by VD Savarkar, Shyamaji Krishnavarma and Har Dayal
- In Europe: Madam Cama and Ajit Singh
- The sudden suspension of the non-cooperation movement led many young people to question the very basis strategy of non-violence and began to look for alternatives.
- All the major new revolutionary leaders had been enthusiastic participants in the non-violent non-cooperation movement.
- Two separate strands of Revolutionary Terrorism developed – one in Punjab, UP and Bihar and the other in Bengal.
- Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjea and Sachindranath Sanyal met in Kanpur in October 1924 and founded the Hindustan Republican Association to organize armed revolution.
- In order to carry out their activities the HRA required funding. The most important action of the HRA was the Kakori Robbery.
- On August 9, 1925, ten men held up the 8-Down train from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow at Kakori and looted its official railway cash.
- The government arrested a large number of young men and tried them in the Kakori Conspiracy Case.
- Ashfaqulla Khan, Ramprasadn Bismil, Roshan Singh and Rajendra Lahiri were hanged, four others were sent to Andaman while seventeen others were sentenced to long term imprisonment.
- New revolutionaries joined the HRA. They met at Ferozshah Kotla Ground at Delhi on 9 and 10 September 1928, created a new collective Leadership, adopted Socialism as their official goal and changed the name of the party to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
- Lala Lajpat Rai dies in a lathi-charge when he was laeding an anti-Simon Commission demonstration at Lahore on 30 October 1928.
- On 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated, at Lahore, Saunders, a police official involved in the lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai.
- In order to let the people know about HSRA’s changed objectives Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt were asked to throw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly on 8 April 1929 against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill.
- He aim was not to kill but to let people know of their objectives through the leaflet they threw.
- They were later arrested and tried.
- The country was also stirred by the hunger strike the revolutionaries took as a protest against the horrible conditions in jails.
- On 13th September, the 64th day of the epic fast, Jatin Das died.
- Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were sentenced to be hanged. He sentence was carried out on 23 March, 1931.
- Bhagat Singh was fully secular.
- The Punjab Naujawan Bharat Sabha organized by him acted on secular lines.
- In Bengal, after the death of C R Das, the Congress leadership in Bengal got divided into two wings: one led by S C Bose and the other by J M Sengupta. The Yugantar group joined forces with the first while the Anushilan with the second.
- Surya Sen had actively participated in the non-cooperation movement. He gathered around him a large band of revolutionary youth including Anant Singh, Ganesh Ghosh and Lokenath Baul.
- Chittagong Armoury Raid
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Revolutionary Terrorism
Revolutionary terrorism is a form of political violence that is used to achieve radical political change. It is often associated with Left-Wing movements, but it can also be used by right-wing or religious groups. Revolutionary terrorists typically believe that violence is the only way to achieve their goals, and they are willing to sacrifice their own lives in order to achieve their objectives.
Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh was an Indian revolutionary who was executed by the British colonial government in 1931. He is considered one of the most important figures in the Indian independence movement. Singh was born in 1907 in the Punjab region of British India. He was educated at a local school and then at the National College in Lahore. While at college, Singh became involved in the Indian independence movement. He joined the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), a revolutionary organization that was dedicated to overthrowing British rule.
The Indian National Movement
The Indian National Movement was a political movement that was led by Mahatma Gandhi and other Indian leaders. The goal of the movement was to achieve independence for India from British rule. The movement began in the late 19th century and continued until India gained independence in 1947. The Indian National Movement was a mass movement that involved millions of Indians. The movement used a variety of methods to achieve its goals, including nonviolent protests, boycotts, and strikes.
The Ghadar Party
The Ghadar Party was a revolutionary organization that was founded in the United States in 1913. The party was founded by Indian immigrants who were opposed to British rule in India. The Ghadar Party’s goal was to overthrow British rule in India through armed revolution. The party’s members were involved in a number of armed uprisings against the British, including the Ghadar Rebellion of 1915.
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was a revolutionary organization that was founded in 1928. The party was founded by Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Rajguru. The HSRA’s goal was to overthrow British rule in India through armed revolution. The party’s members were involved in a number of armed uprisings against the British, including the Kakori Train Robbery and the Lahore Conspiracy Case.
The Kakori Train Robbery
The Kakori Train Robbery was an armed robbery that was carried out by the HSRA on August 9, 1925. The robbery was carried out in order to obtain funds for the HSRA’s revolutionary activities. The robbery was successful, and the HSRA obtained a large sum of Money. However, the robbery also led to the arrest of a number of HSRA members, including Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Rajguru.
The Lahore Conspiracy Case
The Lahore Conspiracy Case was a trial that was held in Lahore in 1929. The trial was held against the HSRA members who were arrested after the Kakori Train Robbery. The trial lasted for over a year, and the HSRA members were eventually found guilty of conspiracy to murder and sentenced to death.
The Hanging of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Rajguru were hanged on March 23, 1931. The hangings were carried out by the British colonial government. The hangings were widely condemned by the Indian public, and they helped to galvanize the Indian independence movement.
The Legacy of Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh is considered one of the most important figures in the Indian independence movement. He is remembered for his courage, his commitment to non-violence, and his willingness to sacrifice his own life for the cause of Indian independence. Singh’s legacy continues to inspire people around the world, and he is considered a role model for many young people.
What is terrorism?
Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
What are the different types of terrorism?
There are many different types of terrorism, but some of the most common include:
- State-sponsored terrorism: This is when a government or state sponsors or supports terrorist activities.
- Religious terrorism: This is when terrorism is motivated by religious beliefs.
- Ideological terrorism: This is when terrorism is motivated by a particular ideology, such as Communism or Fascism.
- Nationalist terrorism: This is when terrorism is motivated by a desire for national independence or self-determination.
- Criminal terrorism: This is when terrorism is motivated by financial gain or other criminal activity.
What are the causes of terrorism?
The causes of terrorism are complex and vary depending on the type of terrorism. However, some of the most common causes include:
- Political grievances: Terrorists may be motivated by political grievances, such as a desire for change or an opposition to a particular government or regime.
- Religious extremism: Terrorists may be motivated by religious extremism, such as a belief that their religion is under attack or that they are called upon to wage holy war.
- Social and economic inequality: Terrorists may be motivated by social and economic inequality, such as a belief that they are being denied opportunities or that they are being discriminated against.
- Lack of Education and opportunity: Terrorists may be motivated by a lack of education and opportunity, such as a belief that they have no other way to improve their lives.
What are the effects of terrorism?
The effects of terrorism can be devastating, both for individuals and for Society as a whole. Some of the most common effects of terrorism include:
- Death and injury: Terrorism can result in death and injury to both civilians and security forces.
- Psychological trauma: Terrorism can cause psychological trauma to those who are directly affected, as well as to those who witness it or are exposed to it through the media.
- Economic damage: Terrorism can damage the economy through a loss of tourism, Investment, and trade.
- Social disruption: Terrorism can disrupt social life and lead to fear and anxiety.
- Political instability: Terrorism can destabilize governments and lead to political instability.
What are the solutions to terrorism?
There is no easy solution to terrorism, but some of the most common approaches include:
- Counter-terrorism: This is a range of measures aimed at preventing and responding to terrorism. Counter-terrorism measures can include law enforcement, intelligence gathering, and military action.
- Prevention: This is aimed at addressing the root causes of terrorism, such as political grievances, social and economic inequality, and lack of education and opportunity.
- Rehabilitation: This is aimed at helping those who have been involved in terrorism to reintegrate into society.
- Diplomacy: This is aimed at resolving political conflicts peacefully.
What is the role of the international community in combating terrorism?
The international community has a role to play in combating terrorism through a range of measures, such as:
- Cooperation: The international community can cooperate on counter-terrorism measures, such as intelligence sharing and law enforcement cooperation.
- Diplomacy: The international community can use diplomacy to resolve political conflicts peacefully.
- Support for victims: The international community can provide support for victims of terrorism, such as financial assistance and psychological counseling.
- Education: The international community can promote education about the dangers of terrorism and how to prevent it.
Question 1
Which of the following is not a reason for the Indian Rebellion of 1857?
(A) The British East India Company’s monopoly on trade
(B) The introduction of new taxes
(C) The use of Indian soldiers to fight against other Indians
(D) The British government’s refusal to recognize Indian princes as rulers
Answer
(D) The British government’s refusal to recognize Indian princes as rulers
The Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny, was a major uprising against British rule in India. The rebellion was sparked by a number of factors, including the British East India Company’s monopoly on trade, the introduction of new taxes, and the use of Indian soldiers to fight against other Indians. The rebellion was ultimately unsuccessful, but it had a significant impact on the course of Indian history.
Question 2
Who was the leader of the Indian National Congress?
(A) Mahatma Gandhi
(B) Jawaharlal Nehru
(C) Vallabhbhai Patel
(D) Subhash Chandra Bose
Answer
(A) Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi was the leader of the Indian National Congress, a political party that was founded in 1885. Gandhi was a proponent of non-violent resistance, and he led a number of protests against British rule in India. Gandhi is considered to be the father of modern India, and he is revered by many Indians as a national hero.
Question 3
What was the name of the agreement that granted India independence from Britain?
(A) The Indian Independence Act
(B) The Lahore Resolution
(C) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact
(D) The Poona Pact
Answer
(A) The Indian Independence Act
The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British Parliament in 1947. The act granted India independence from Britain, and it divided the country into two dominions: India and Pakistan. The act was a major turning point in Indian history, and it marked the end of British rule in India.
Question 4
Who was the first Prime Minister of India?
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
(B) Vallabhbhai Patel
(C) Subhash Chandra Bose
(D) Mahatma Gandhi
Answer
(A) Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India. He served in office from 1947 until his death in 1964. Nehru was a leading figure in the Indian independence movement, and he is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern India.
Question 5
What is the name of the current Prime Minister of India?
(A) Narendra Modi
(B) Rahul Gandhi
(C) Sonia Gandhi
(D) Manmohan Singh
Answer
(A) Narendra Modi
Narendra Modi is the current Prime Minister of India. He has been in office since 2014. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and he is the first Prime Minister of India to be born after India’s independence in 1947.
Question 6
What is the name of the current President of India?
(A) Ram Nath Kovind
(B) Pranab Mukherjee
(C) Pratibha Patil
(D) A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Answer
(A) Ram Nath Kovind
Ram Nath Kovind is the current President of India. He has been in office since 2017. Kovind is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and he is the first Dalit (formerly known as “untouchables”) to be elected President of India.
Question 7
What is the Official Language of India?
(A) Hindi
(B) English
(C) Sanskrit
(D) Tamil
Answer
(A) Hindi
Hindi is the official language of India. It is the most widely spoken language in India, and it is the language of the government and the courts. English is also an official language of India, and it is widely used in business and education.
Question 8
What is the capital of India?
(A) New Delhi
(B) Mumbai
(C) Chennai
(D) Kolkata
Answer
(A) New Delhi
New Delhi is the capital of India. It is a planned city that was built in the early 20th century. New Delhi is home to the Indian