Role of Central and State Civil services in a democracy

Values are the standards on which, we evaluate things. For every situation we don’t have time to ‘test’ the case on ethics theories such as utilitarianism. Values provide time saving short-cut in such situation. Under New public management (NPM), the concept of public Services is fast changing. Bureaucrat has become directly accountable to citizen-customer. He … Read more

Amending Act of 1781

The Amending Act of 1781: A Crucial Step in the Evolution of the Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777, served as the first constitution of the United States. While it successfully guided the nation through the Revolutionary War, its inherent weaknesses soon became apparent. The lack of … Read more

Lok Adalats and Legal Awareness Campaign

Lok Adalats Lok stands for People and the word Adalat means Court. Lok Adalat is a special kind of people’s court in which disputes solved by direct talks between the litigants. The members of legal profession, college students, social organisations, charitable and philanthropic institutions and other similar organisations may be associated with Lok Adalat. Salient … Read more

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

The following are the subtopics of Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS): Copyright and related rights Trademarks Geographical Indications Industrial designs Patents Layout-designs of integrated circuits Protection of undisclosed information Enforcement of intellectual property rights Dispute settlement Transitional arrangements Institutional arrangements The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international … Read more

Physical factors: Terrain, topography, climate, and soil. which determine agriculture

Physical Factors: (a) Terrain, Topography, and Altitude dependent on the geo-ecological conditions; terrain, topography, slope and altitude. paddy cultivation requires leveled fields, tea plantations perform well in the undulating topography in which water does not remain standing. Orchards of coconut are found at low altitudes, preferably closer to the sea level, while the apple orchards … Read more