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41. Sarkaria Commission was appointed to look into

Sarkaria Commission was appointed to look into

Centre-State Relations.

Electoral Reforms.

Judicial Reforms.

Political Reforms.

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The Sarkaria Commission was a commission set up by the Central Government of India in 1983. Its mandate was to examine the relationship and balance of power between the centre and state governments in the country and recommend changes within the framework of the Constitution. The commission was chaired by Justice R.S. Sarkaria, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.

The commission submitted its report in 1987, making 247 recommendations to improve Centre-State relations. Many of these recommendations focused on areas such as legislative relations, administrative relations, financial relations, and the role of the Governor. While not all recommendations were implemented, the report remains a significant document in the study of Indian federalism.

The commission’s report emphasized the need for stronger cooperative federalism and made suggestions regarding the Inter-State Council, the appointment and role of Governors, the use of Article 356 (President’s Rule), and the financial devolution between the Centre and States. Subsequent commissions like the Punchhi Commission (2007) also examined Centre-State relations, building upon the work of Sarkaria.

42. Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

Asexual reproduction takes place through budding in

E. coli

Amoeba

Plasmodium

Yeast

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Budding is a form of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site. Yeast, a type of fungus, commonly reproduces asexually by budding. A small bud emerges from the parent cell, grows, and eventually separates to form a new individual.

Other examples of organisms that reproduce by budding include Hydra (an animal) and sponges. E. coli and Amoeba reproduce by binary fission, where the parent cell divides into two equal daughter cells. Plasmodium, the parasite causing malaria, reproduces asexually by multiple fission (schizogony) within host cells.

Asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and results in offspring that are genetically identical to the single parent. Besides budding and binary fission, other modes of asexual reproduction include fragmentation, regeneration, spore formation, and vegetative propagation in plants.

43. In plants, Xylems are responsible for transport of

In plants, Xylems are responsible for transport of

amino acids.

food.

oxygen.

water.

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Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants (the other being phloem). The primary function of xylem is to transport water and some dissolved nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant and also provides structural support.

Xylem tissue consists of tracheary elements (tracheids and vessel elements), which are dead cells that form continuous tubes for water transport, along with parenchyma cells, fibers, and sometimes sclereids. The movement of water in xylem is primarily driven by transpiration pull, evaporation of water from leaves.

Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars (food produced during photosynthesis, primarily sucrose) from the leaves to other parts of the plant where they are needed for growth or storage. Amino acids are also transported in the phloem. Oxygen is obtained by plants directly from the atmosphere through stomata and lenticels for cellular respiration.

44. In a mammalian cell, the protein is synthesized by

In a mammalian cell, the protein is synthesized by

Ribosome.

Golgi.

Lysosome.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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Ribosomes are small organelles found in the cytoplasm of all cells (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), as well as attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells. They are the cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis, a process called translation, where messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to build a protein chain.

Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein). Translation occurs on ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins and consist of two subunits, a large one and a small one, which come together during translation.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes for digesting waste materials and cellular debris. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage, but not protein synthesis (which occurs on rough ER due to attached ribosomes, or free in the cytoplasm).

45. The tissue which is responsible for movement in our body is

The tissue which is responsible for movement in our body is

Connective tissue.

Muscular tissue.

Nervous tissue.

Epithelial tissue.

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Muscular tissue is a type of animal tissue that is specialized for contraction. This contraction ability allows for movement of the body or parts of the body, as well as the movement of substances within the body (e.g., blood in vessels, food in the digestive tract).

There are three main types of muscular tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscle is responsible for voluntary movements of the limbs and body. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and blood vessels, responsible for involuntary movements. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. All are specialized for contraction to produce movement.

Connective tissue provides support and structure. Nervous tissue transmits electrical signals for communication and control. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities, providing protection, secretion, and absorption. While these tissues interact with muscular tissue, the primary responsibility for generating movement lies with muscular tissue.

46. Which one among the following animals can perform respiration either t

Which one among the following animals can perform respiration either through gills or through lungs ?

Fish

Frog

Snake

Cow

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Amphibians, like frogs, typically undergo metamorphosis. Their larval stage (tadpole) is usually aquatic and respires through gills. The adult stage is often terrestrial or semi-aquatic and respires primarily through lungs and also through their moist skin. Fish respire only through gills. Snakes (reptiles) and Cows (mammals) respire only through lungs.

Respiration is the process of gas exchange (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release). Different animals have evolved various respiratory organs depending on their environment. Gills are specialized structures for extracting oxygen from water, while lungs are adapted for gas exchange in air. Amphibians exhibit a dual mode of respiration, reflecting their transition from aquatic to terrestrial life.

The ability to respire through both gills and lungs is characteristic of the life cycle of many amphibians. Besides gills and lungs, cutaneous respiration (through the skin) is also significant in adult frogs, contributing substantially to their overall gas exchange, especially when submerged.

47. Which one of the following is a plant hormone ?

Which one of the following is a plant hormone ?

Oestrogen

Cytokinin

Insulin

Thyroxin

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Cytokinin is one of the major classes of plant hormones. Plant hormones (or phytohormones) are signaling molecules produced within plants that occur in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. Oestrogen, Insulin, and Thyroxin are animal hormones.

Cytokinins are a group of plant hormones that promote cell division (cytokinesis) in plant roots and shoots. They are involved in various processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apical dominance, and delaying senescence (aging) of leaves.

Major classes of plant hormones include auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene. These hormones interact with each other in complex ways to regulate plant development. Oestrogen is a primary female sex hormone in animals. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels in animals. Thyroxin is a thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid gland in animals that regulates metabolism.

48. The two elements which are present in proteins but generally absent in

The two elements which are present in proteins but generally absent in carbohydrates are

Carbon and Hydrogen.

Carbon and Nitrogen.

Nitrogen and Sulphur.

Sulphur and Hydrogen.

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Proteins are complex organic molecules that always contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Many proteins also contain sulphur (due to the presence of amino acids like cysteine and methionine). Carbohydrates are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a ratio of CnH2nOn or similar forms. Therefore, nitrogen and sulphur are elements typically found in proteins but generally absent in carbohydrates.

Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acid contains an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R-group) attached to a central alpha carbon. The nitrogen atom is a defining component of the amino group. Carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, often in a 1:2:1 ratio for H:O.

While nitrogen is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), it is not found in carbohydrates or typical lipids. Sulphur is present in some amino acids (cysteine, methionine) and therefore in many proteins, as well as in some vitamins, but it is not a component of carbohydrates. Carbon and hydrogen are fundamental elements present in all organic molecules, including both proteins and carbohydrates.

49. Isotope of Cobalt is used in the treatment of

Isotope of Cobalt is used in the treatment of

Cancer.

Goitre.

Beriberi.

Crohn's disease.

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The radioactive isotope Cobalt-60 (⁶⁰Co) is widely used in medicine, particularly in radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. It emits gamma rays which are used to kill cancer cells.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) decay, emitting radiation.
⁶⁰Co is a common source of gamma rays for external beam radiotherapy machines (historically known as ‘cobalt bombs’).

While radiotherapy is a key use, ⁶⁰Co is also used for sterilization of medical equipment and food irradiation due to its potent gamma radiation. Goitre is often treated with Iodine-131.

50. When electricity is passed through brine, it produces

When electricity is passed through brine, it produces

NaCl

NaOH

KCl

KOH

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The electrolysis of brine (a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, NaCl) is an industrial process that produces sodium hydroxide (NaOH), chlorine gas (Cl₂), and hydrogen gas (H₂). The overall reaction is 2NaCl (aq) + 2H₂O (l) → 2NaOH (aq) + Cl₂ (g) + H₂ (g).

Brine is a solution of NaCl in water.
Electrolysis is the process of using electricity to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
The products are sodium hydroxide, chlorine, and hydrogen.

This process is known as the chlor-alkali process and is a major industrial method for producing these three important chemicals. NaOH is a strong base used in many industries, while Cl₂ is used for disinfection and manufacturing, and H₂ is used as a fuel or in chemical synthesis.