UPSC CISF-AC-EXE Archives

41. Who among the following translated the Manusmriti into English for the

Who among the following translated the Manusmriti into English for the first time?

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Sir William Jones

Charles Wilkins

N. B. Halhed

Warren Hastings

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Sir William Jones translated the Manusmriti into English for the first time.

– Sir William Jones (1746-1794) was a British philologist, jurist, and scholar of ancient India. He founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1784.
– He was a pioneer in the study of Sanskrit and translated several important Indian texts.
– His translation of the *Manu Smriti* (or *Laws of Manu*) titled “Institutes of Hindu Law, or, the Ordinances of Menu” was published in 1794. This was the first complete English translation of this ancient legal and social treatise.
– Charles Wilkins translated the Bhagavad Gita and the Hitopadesha into English. N. B. Halhed translated the Code of Gentoo Laws (a compilation of Hindu laws based on various texts) into English. Warren Hastings encouraged such translations and studies but did not perform the translation himself.

Sir William Jones’s work was crucial in introducing ancient Indian literature, philosophy, and legal systems to the Western world and played a significant role in the development of Oriental studies. He is also known for observing the linguistic similarities between Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, laying the foundation for comparative linguistics.

42. In 1922, who referred to Lenin as ‘the Dear Leader of the Kisans’?

In 1922, who referred to Lenin as ‘the Dear Leader of the Kisans’?

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Swami Vidyananda

Swami Sahajananda

Baba Ramchandra

Jawaharlal Nehru

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In 1922, Baba Ramchandra referred to Lenin as ‘the Dear Leader of the Kisans’.

– Baba Ramchandra was a leading figure in the kisan (peasant) movement in Awadh during the early 1920s, particularly around 1920-1921.
– While primarily involved in the struggle against talukdars and landlords, he was influenced by nationalist ideas and, reflecting the revolutionary atmosphere of the time and the impact of the Russian Revolution, reportedly incorporated references to figures like Lenin in his speeches to mobilize peasants, portraying them as leaders of peasant/worker struggles globally.
– This specific phrase is attributed to Baba Ramchandra in historical accounts detailing the peasant movements in Awadh during this period.

Swami Sahajananda Saraswati was a prominent leader of peasant movements, but his major activities and the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha were later in the 1930s. Swami Vidyananda was also active in peasant movements in Bihar. Jawaharlal Nehru had connections with peasant movements but the specific quote referencing Lenin in this manner is associated with Baba Ramchandra.

43. The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was

The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was

Wavell Plan

Partition of India

Rajagopalachari Formula

Cabinet Mission Proposals

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The basis of the failed Gandhi-Jinnah Talks of 1944 was the Rajagopalachari Formula.

– C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji) proposed a formula in March 1944 to resolve the political deadlock between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, particularly regarding the issue of Pakistan.
– The ‘Rajaji Formula’ suggested that the Muslim League should support the Congress demand for complete independence. After the transfer of power, a plebiscite would be held in Muslim-majority districts in the North-West and North-East of India to decide whether they wished to form a separate sovereign state. If separation was agreed upon, agreements would be made on subjects like defence, commerce, communications, etc.
– Mahatma Gandhi endorsed this formula and used it as the basis for his talks with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, in September 1944.
– The talks failed because Jinnah rejected the formula, finding it unsatisfactory. He wanted the Congress to accept the two-nation theory and the principle of Partition first, before any plebiscite, and wanted only Muslims to vote in the plebiscite, not all inhabitants of the area.

The Wavell Plan came in 1945, the Cabinet Mission Proposals in 1946. The Partition of India was the eventual outcome but not the basis *for* the 1944 talks; rather, the talks attempted (unsuccessfully) to find a formula that might lead to a mutually acceptable arrangement concerning areas claimed for Pakistan.

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44. The Congress leader Swami Ramananda Tirtha was active in the freedom s

The Congress leader Swami Ramananda Tirtha was active in the freedom struggle in which of the following Princely States?

Kashmir

Mysore

Baroda

Hyderabad

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Swami Ramananda Tirtha was active in the freedom struggle in the Princely State of Hyderabad.

– Swami Ramananda Tirtha (born Venkatesh Bhagwan Khedgikar) was a prominent Indian freedom fighter, educator, and social activist.
– He is considered the architect of the freedom movement in the Hyderabad state.
– He founded the Hyderabad State Congress in 1938 and led the struggle for the integration of Hyderabad with the Indian Union after India’s independence, opposing the Nizam’s reluctance to accede.

The movement led by Swami Ramananda Tirtha in Hyderabad involved both peaceful protests and later, a more forceful struggle (known as Operation Polo or Police Action by the Indian government) due to the Nizam’s defiance and the violence perpetrated by the Razakars (a paramilitary force).

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45. Who issued an Independence Proclamation in 1930 in the name of the ‘In

Who issued an Independence Proclamation in 1930 in the name of the ‘Indian Republican Army’?

Sachindra Nath Sanyal

Chandra Shekhar Azad

Surya Sen

Bhagat Singh

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Surya Sen issued a proclamation in the name of the ‘Indian Republican Army’ in 1930.

– Surya Sen, also known as Masterda, was a revolutionary from Bengal who is best known for leading the Chittagong Armoury Raid on April 18, 1930.
– His revolutionary group was named the ‘Indian Republican Army, Chittagong Branch’.
– After successfully raiding the armouries and seizing weapons (though not ammunition), the revolutionaries gathered, hoisted the national flag, and Surya Sen issued a proclamation declaring the establishment of a provisional revolutionary government in Chittagong, effectively using the name of the ‘Indian Republican Army’.

While Sachindra Nath Sanyal founded the Hindustan Republican Association (later Hindustan Socialist Republican Association) and Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad were key figures in its later form and activities (like the Lahore Conspiracy Case and Assembly bomb throwing), the specific association with the ‘Indian Republican Army’ and the 1930 proclamation related to an armed uprising against the British in Chittagong points directly to Surya Sen.

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46. The Diwan-i-Aam referred to

The Diwan-i-Aam referred to

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a collection of popular poetry

the hall of public audience

the senior most citizen

a rank in the Mughal Government

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The Diwan-i-Aam referred to the hall of public audience in Mughal palaces.

– The term ‘Diwan’ in Mughal administration generally refers to a hall or court. ‘Aam’ means ‘public’ or ‘common’.
– The Diwan-i-Aam was a large hall or courtyard within Mughal palaces where the emperor would hold public audiences. In this hall, the emperor would meet common people, hear their petitions, and dispense justice.
– This architectural feature was a standard part of Mughal palaces built during the reigns of emperors like Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, seen in forts like Agra Fort and Red Fort, Delhi.

In contrast to the Diwan-i-Aam, the Diwan-i-Khas was the hall of private audience, where the emperor would meet with ministers, nobles, and selected visitors for important discussions. Both were significant parts of the ceremonial and administrative structure of the Mughal court.

47. Which of the following statements are true of Bahadur Shah I? He suc

Which of the following statements are true of Bahadur Shah I?

He succeeded Aurangzeb.
He had to fight his brothers for the throne.
He reversed many policies of his predecessor.
He ordered for the destruction of some temples.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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1, 2 and 3

2, 3 and 4

2 and 3 only

1 and 4

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Statements 1, 2, and 3 are true of Bahadur Shah I.

– Bahadur Shah I (also known as Mu’azzam) was the eldest surviving son of Aurangzeb. He succeeded Aurangzeb to the Mughal throne after his father’s death in 1707.
– Like many Mughal successions, it was marked by a war of succession. Bahadur Shah I had to defeat his brothers, Muhammad Azam Shah (at the Battle of Jajau) and Muhammad Kam Bakhsh (in the Deccan), to secure the throne.
– Bahadur Shah I pursued a policy of compromise and conciliation, which reversed many of Aurangzeb’s stricter policies. He adopted a more tolerant attitude towards the Rajputs and the Marathas, attempting to settle disputes through negotiation rather than conflict. He also tried to pacify the Sikhs.
– Statement 4 is incorrect. While Aurangzeb was known for ordering the destruction of temples, Bahadur Shah I pursued a policy of greater religious tolerance compared to his father and did not order the destruction of temples; rather, he attempted reconciliation with Hindu groups.

Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707 to 1712. His reign is seen as the beginning of the decline of the Mughal Empire, although he managed to maintain some semblance of authority. His conciliatory policies were aimed at reducing rebellions and consolidating power, but they also reflected the weakening central control.

48. Which of the following statements are true of Shah Alam II? 1. He j

Which of the following statements are true of Shah Alam II?

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1. He joined Mir Jafar of Bengal to fight the British.
2. He joined Mir Qasim of Bengal and Shuja-ud-Daulah of Awadh to fight the British.
3. He was defeated by the British.
4. He lived at Allahabad as a pensioner of the British.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

2, 3 and 4

1, 2 and 4

1, 3 and 4

2 and 3 only

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Statements 2, 3, and 4 are true regarding Shah Alam II.

– Shah Alam II (reigned 1760-1788 and 1788-1806) joined forces with Mir Qasim, the deposed Nawab of Bengal, and Shuja-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Awadh, to form a confederacy against the British East India Company.
– This alliance was defeated by the British forces under Hector Munro at the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
– Following his defeat, Shah Alam II signed the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765 with the British. According to this treaty, he granted the Diwani (right to collect revenue) of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa to the British East India Company. In return, he was granted territories of Kara and Allahabad and was promised an annual pension, living for several years as a pensioner of the British in Allahabad.
– Statement 1 is incorrect as Mir Jafar was installed as Nawab of Bengal by the British after the Battle of Plassey and was a puppet ruler; he did not ally with Shah Alam II against the British in 1764.

The Battle of Buxar was a crucial turning point in Indian history, firmly establishing the British East India Company’s dominance in Bengal and opening the way for their eventual control over much of the Indian subcontinent. Shah Alam II’s status was reduced to that of a titular head dependent on the British.

49. The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) of 1953 was consisted of

The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) of 1953 was consisted of

S. K. Dar, Justice Fazal Ali and K. M. Panikkar

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, K. M. Panikkar and S. K. Dar

Justice Fazal Ali, Hridaynath Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar

K. M. Panikkar, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Justice Fazal Ali

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The States Reorganization Commission (SRC) was appointed by the Indian government in December 1953 to examine the question of reorganizing the states of India on linguistic lines. The Commission consisted of three members: Justice Fazal Ali as the Chairman, and Sardar K. M. Panikkar and Pandit Hridaynath Kunzru as members. The commission submitted its report in 1955, leading to the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, which reorganized states and union territories.

– The SRC was established in 1953.
– Its main task was to recommend state reorganization based on linguistic principles.
– The three members were Justice Fazal Ali (Chairman), K. M. Panikkar, and Hridaynath Kunzru.

Prior to the SRC, the Dhar Commission (1948) and the JVP Committee (Jawaharlal Nehru, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and Pattabhi Sitaramayya – 1948) had also examined the linguistic basis for state reorganization but were hesitant to fully endorse it initially. The SRC report provided a detailed framework that largely shaped the political map of modern India. S. K. Dar was the head of the 1948 Linguistic Provinces Commission (Dhar Commission), not the 1953 SRC. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was instrumental in integrating the princely states but was not a member of the 1953 SRC.

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50. Aurangzeb had compiled the greatest digest of Islamic Law called

Aurangzeb had compiled the greatest digest of Islamic Law called

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Fatawa-i-Alamgiri

Fatawa-i-Jahandari

Miraz-i-Mughals

Fatah-i-Saltan

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Aurangzeb (reigned 1658-1707) commissioned the compilation of a comprehensive legal code based on Islamic law (Sharia), specifically following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which was prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. This massive work, compiled by several hundred Islamic scholars over years, was named Fatawa-i-Alamgiri (Decrees of Alamgir), after Aurangzeb’s regnal title ‘Alamgir’. It became a standard legal reference in Mughal India.

– Compiled during the reign of Emperor Aurangzeb.
– It is a comprehensive digest of Islamic law.
– Based on the Hanafi school of jurisprudence.
– Named after Aurangzeb’s title, ‘Alamgir’.

The Fatawa-i-Alamgiri was a monumental effort aimed at providing a standardized legal framework for the administration of justice in the Mughal Empire according to the prevailing Islamic legal tradition. It served as the main legal authority in British India until the enactment of modern codes like the Indian Penal Code. Fatawa-i-Jahandari is a historical and political treatise written by Ziauddin Barani during the Delhi Sultanate period, not a legal digest compiled by Aurangzeb.