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41. Streams and rivers coming from the mountains deposit heavy materials o

Streams and rivers coming from the mountains deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders in

Khadar

Bhangar

Bhabar

Terai

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The Bhabar region is a narrow belt situated along the foot of the Shiwaliks in the Himalayas. Streams descending from the mountains lose velocity here and deposit coarse sediments like pebbles and boulders, causing them to disappear underground due to the porosity of the deposits.

This deposition of heavy materials is a characteristic feature of the Bhabar plain.

South of Bhabar lies the Terai, a wet, marshy plain where the streams re-emerge. Further south are the alluvial plains, classified into Bhangar (older alluvium, above flood level) and Khadar (newer alluvium, in floodplains).

42. An infection constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic

An infection constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external input is known as

Endemic

Pandemic

Epidemic

Outbreak

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An endemic infection refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area.

The key characteristic of an endemic disease is that it is maintained at a predictable baseline level within a specific region without needing external introduction.

An epidemic is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease in a population in a geographical area exceeding the expected level. A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads across multiple continents or worldwide. An outbreak is a more localized or limited increase in disease incidence compared to the expected level.

43. An avalanche is a type of which one of the following disasters ?

An avalanche is a type of which one of the following disasters ?

Atmospheric

Terrestrial

Aquatic

Biological

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An avalanche is the rapid movement of a large mass of snow, ice, rock, or debris down a mountainside or slope. This is a geological phenomenon occurring on the land surface.

Disasters are often classified based on their origin or the sphere of Earth they primarily affect. Terrestrial disasters are those originating from the solid Earth or landforms.

Examples of terrestrial disasters include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and avalanches. Atmospheric disasters relate to weather and climate (e.g., cyclones, droughts, floods, heatwaves). Aquatic disasters relate to water bodies (e.g., tsunamis, limnic eruptions). Biological disasters involve living organisms (e.g., pandemics, epidemics, pest infestations).

44. The extent of damage caused by earthquake is not influenced by which

The extent of damage caused by earthquake is not influenced by which one of the following ?

Strength of earthquake

Population density

Type of building

Climate of the area

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The correct option is D) Climate of the area.

The extent of damage caused by an earthquake is primarily influenced by factors related to the earthquake’s characteristics and the vulnerability of structures and populations in the affected area.

The strength of the earthquake (magnitude and intensity) directly determines the ground shaking level. Population density affects the number of people and infrastructure exposed to the shaking. The type and quality of building construction significantly influence their resistance to seismic forces; poorly constructed buildings suffer more damage. The climate of the area (temperature, rainfall, etc.) has no direct influence on the physical damage caused by seismic waves.

45. Domingo Paes, the medieval traveller, has described the city of

Domingo Paes, the medieval traveller, has described the city of

Madurai

Vijayanagara

Arikamedu

Gingee

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The correct option is B) Vijayanagara.

Domingo Paes was a Portuguese traveller who visited the Vijayanagara Empire in the early 16th century, specifically around 1520-1522, during the reign of its most famous ruler, Krishnadevaraya. His detailed account, known as the ‘Chronica dos Reis de Bisnaga’ (Chronicle of the Kings of Vijayanagara), provides valuable insights into the city of Vijayanagara (Hampi), its administration, military strength, economy, and social life.

Domingo Paes’s account, along with that of another Portuguese traveller Fernão Nunes, are considered crucial primary sources for understanding the grandeur and prosperity of the Vijayanagara Empire and its capital city, Hampi.

46. Akbar issued a Farman in 1598 permitting in the city of Cambay (Khamba

Akbar issued a Farman in 1598 permitting in the city of Cambay (Khambat), Gujarat, the construction of a

Temple

Church

Synagogue

Jain Upashraya

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The correct option is D) Jain Upashraya.

Historical records indicate that the Mughal Emperor Akbar, known for his policy of Sulh-i-kul (peace with all), showed respect towards various religions, including Jainism. In 1598, during his visit to Cambay (Khambat) in Gujarat, he issued a Farman (royal decree) permitting the Jains to construct a Jain Upashraya, which is a rest house or monastery for Jain monks and ascetics.

Akbar had interactions with Jain scholars like Hiravijaya Suri and Jinchandra Suri. Granting permission for the construction of a Jain Upashraya was an example of his religious tolerance and patronage towards different religious communities. Cambay was an important port city at the time, with a significant Jain merchant community.

47. Which one of the following is not a circumstance for proclamation of E

Which one of the following is not a circumstance for proclamation of Emergency by the President of India under Article 352 of the Constitution of India?

War

External aggression

Internal disturbance

Armed rebellion

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The correct option is C) Internal disturbance.

According to Article 352 of the Constitution of India, the President can proclaim a National Emergency if the security of India or any part of it is threatened by War, External Aggression, or Armed Rebellion. The term “internal disturbance” was initially a ground for proclaiming National Emergency, but it was replaced by “armed rebellion” by the 44th Amendment Act, 1978, after the misuse of the emergency provision in 1975 under the ground of “internal disturbance”.

The 44th Amendment Act, 1978, introduced safeguards against the misuse of emergency provisions. It replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” and mandated that the President can only declare an emergency on the written recommendation of the Union Cabinet.

48. Which of the following statements regarding constitutional amendment i

Which of the following statements regarding constitutional amendment is/are correct?
1. The procedure for amendment to the Constitution is provided in Article 368.
2. A Bill to amend the Constitution can be introduced in either House of the Parliament.
3. The special procedure in Article 368 vests constituent powers upon the ordinary legislation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

1 only

1, 2 and 3

2 and 3 only

1 and 2 only

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The correct option is D) 1 and 2 only.

Statement 1 is correct: Article 368 in Part XX of the Constitution lays down the procedure for amendment of the Constitution.
Statement 2 is correct: A Bill for the amendment of the Constitution can be initiated in either House of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).
Statement 3 is incorrect: Article 368 vests constituent power (the power to amend the Constitution) in Parliament, but this power is exercised through a special procedure, not through ordinary legislation. An amendment bill requires specific majorities (absolute majority and a two-thirds majority of members present and voting) in each House, and for certain provisions, ratification by states is also required, distinguishing it significantly from ordinary law-making.

Constitutional amendments require a special majority and, in some cases, ratification by state legislatures, making the process distinct from ordinary legislative procedures. The power under Article 368 is constituent power, not ordinary legislative power.

49. Which one of the following statements about the Cripps Mission is not

Which one of the following statements about the Cripps Mission is not correct?

It was sent to India by the British Government in March 1942.

It proposed ‘that the Constitution of India was to be framed by an elected Constituent Assembly of the Indian people.

Any province which was not prepared to accept the Constitution would be free to retain its constitutional provisions existing at that time.

The British Government could enter into a separate constitutional arrangement with any of the acceding provinces.

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The correct option is D) The British Government could enter into a separate constitutional arrangement with any of the acceding provinces.

The Cripps Mission (March 1942) proposed that a Constituent Assembly would frame the Constitution for India. It also included a provision that any province not willing to accept the new Constitution would be free to retain its existing constitutional position and the British Government would be prepared to enter into separate constitutional arrangements with such provinces. This provision was for *non-acceding* provinces, not *acceding* ones.

Statements A, B, and C accurately reflect the proposals of the Cripps Mission. Statement A is correct regarding the timing. Statement B is correct about the framing of the constitution. Statement C accurately describes the “opting out” clause for provinces not willing to join the proposed Indian Union. Statement D misrepresents the Cripps proposal by suggesting separate arrangements for *acceding* provinces, whereas the provision was for those opting out.

50. Which one of the following is not a correct statement with reference t

Which one of the following is not a correct statement with reference to the Constitution of India?

The Constitution (Eighty-Fifth) Amendment Act has inserted the 'Right to Education' under Article 21A.

Article 22 talks about preventive detention.

Right to Constitutional Remedies is in Part-III of the Constitution.

Writ jurisdiction of High Courts is wider than the Supreme Court of India.

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The correct option is A) The Constitution (Eighty-Fifth) Amendment Act has inserted the ‘Right to Education’ under Article 21A.

The Right to Education under Article 21A was inserted by the Constitution (Eighty-Sixth) Amendment Act, 2002, which made education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years.

Option B is correct: Article 22 deals with protection against arrest and detention, including provisions for preventive detention.
Option C is correct: The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32), which allows a person to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights, is part of Part III (Fundamental Rights) of the Constitution.
Option D is correct: The writ jurisdiction of the High Courts (under Article 226) is wider than that of the Supreme Court (under Article 32) because High Courts can issue writs not only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights but also for any other legal right, whereas the Supreme Court can issue writs only for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.