UPSC CDS-2

41. The use of ‘Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC)’ by the Election Comm

The use of ‘Electors Photo Identity Cards (EPIC)’ by the Election Commission of India was started in which one of the following years ?

1992
1993
1995
2001
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UPSC CDS-2 – 2022
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The Election Commission of India (ECI) introduced the Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) system for voters in 1993, with the issuance beginning nationwide over the next few years. While implementation took time, the policy was announced and started in 1993.
EPIC, commonly known as the Voter ID card, is a photo identity card issued by the Election Commission of India to eligible voters. Its primary purpose is to prevent impersonation and ensure free and fair elections.
The EPIC system was launched under the tenure of then Chief Election Commissioner T. N. Seshan, as part of his efforts to reform the electoral process and curb electoral malpractice. The year 1993 marks the initiation of this significant move, although full implementation and usage for identification in all elections took some time.

42. In which one of the following States has the President’s Rule been imp

In which one of the following States has the President’s Rule been imposed most number of times ?

Bihar
Karnataka
Manipur
Punjab
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Manipur has experienced President’s Rule (under Article 356) more times than any other state in India since the commencement of the Constitution.
President’s Rule is the suspension of state government and imposition of direct central government rule in a state, invoked in a situation where a state government is unable to function according to constitutional provisions. It is provided for under Article 356 of the Constitution.
States like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, and Manipur have seen numerous instances of President’s Rule. Historically, Manipur has been under President’s Rule nine or ten times, which is frequently cited as the highest number. Exact counts can vary slightly depending on how short periods are counted or merged, but Manipur consistently ranks highest.

43. The terms ‘Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot and Tether’, sometimes mentioned

The terms ‘Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot and Tether’, sometimes mentioned in the news, refer to

Cryptocurrencies
Earth Observation Satellites
Hypersonic Cruise Missiles
Virtual Private Network service providers
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The terms ‘Ethereum, Solana, Polkadot and Tether’ are well-known names in the world of cryptocurrencies. They represent different types of digital assets based on blockchain technology.
Cryptocurrencies are digital or virtual currencies that are secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.
Ethereum is a platform that enables developers to build decentralized applications (dApps) and issue smart contracts, with Ether (ETH) being its native cryptocurrency. Solana is known for its high transaction speed and scalability. Polkadot aims to connect different blockchains. Tether (USDT) is a stablecoin, meaning its value is pegged to a traditional currency (the US dollar) to reduce volatility.

44. Which one of the following assists a country through ‘Extended Fund Fa

Which one of the following assists a country through ‘Extended Fund Facility’, often talked about in news ?

International Fund for Agricultural Development
International Monetary Fund
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
United Nations Development Programme
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The International Monetary Fund (IMF) assists a country through the ‘Extended Fund Facility’ (EFF).
– The Extended Fund Facility (EFF) is an IMF lending arrangement established in 1974.
– It provides support to countries experiencing serious balance of payments problems due to structural issues that require a longer period to resolve.
– EFF arrangements are typically longer than Stand-By Arrangements and involve comprehensive structural reforms.
– The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is a UN specialized agency focusing on rural poverty reduction.
– The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is the original component of the World Bank Group, providing loans to middle-income and poorer countries.
– The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, focusing on development challenges.
– Only the IMF provides the EFF instrument for balance of payments support and structural reforms.

45. Recently which of the following countries were placed in the ‘Grey Lis

Recently which of the following countries were placed in the ‘Grey List’ of Financial Action Task Force ?

Bolivia and Mozambique
Colombia and Ecuador
Iraq and Qatar
Turkey and UAE
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Among the options provided, Turkey and UAE were both placed in the ‘Grey List’ of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) relatively recently (as of early-mid 2022, the likely timeframe for such a question).
– The FATF Grey List comprises jurisdictions under increased monitoring, meaning they are actively working with FATF to address strategic deficiencies in their regimes to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing.
– Turkey was added to the FATF Grey List in October 2021 and removed in February 2024.
– The United Arab Emirates (UAE) was added to the FATF Grey List in March 2022 and removed in February 2024.
– Both countries were simultaneously on the Grey List from March 2022 until February 2024.
– Other countries listed in options have either not been on the grey list recently or not concurrently in the pair provided. Mozambique was added in June 2022 but removed in June 2023. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Iraq, and Qatar have varied histories with FATF lists, but the pairing in option D represents recent, concurrent listings that were significant news. The phrasing “recently placed” suggests a period roughly coinciding with the question’s likely origin.

46. The regions known as Donetsk and Luhansk are sometimes mentioned in th

The regions known as Donetsk and Luhansk are sometimes mentioned in the news. They are the separatist regions of

Ethiopia
Sudan
Ukraine
Yemen
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Donetsk and Luhansk are separatist regions located in Ukraine.
– Donetsk and Luhansk are two provinces (oblasts) in eastern Ukraine, collectively known as the Donbas region.
– Since 2014, parts of these regions have been controlled by pro-Russian separatists, leading to armed conflict.
– Russia recognized the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People’s Republic (LPR) as independent states in February 2022, shortly before its full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and later claimed to annex them.
– The conflict in Donbas is a key part of the ongoing geopolitical tensions involving Ukraine and Russia.
– The status and control of these regions remain highly contested internationally.

47. While forming the ‘Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity’, th

While forming the ‘Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity’, the member countries launched collective discussions towards future negotiations on four pillars. Which one of the following is not one of those pillars?

Clean energy, decarbonisation and infrastructure
Defence cooperation and intelligence sharing
Supply chain
Tax and anti-corruption
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Defence cooperation and intelligence sharing is not one of the four pillars of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF).
– The Indo-Pacific Economic Framework for Prosperity (IPEF) was launched in May 2022.
– It focuses on economic cooperation among member countries.
– The four pillars of the IPEF are:
1. Supply Chain
2. Clean Economy (Clean Energy, Decarbonisation, and Infrastructure)
3. Fair Economy (Tax and Anti-Corruption)
4. Trade
– IPEF is distinct from security initiatives or alliances in the Indo-Pacific region. Its primary goals are economic, aiming to promote resilience, sustainability, inclusivity, economic growth, fairness, and competitiveness for member countries.
– The participating countries engage in discussions and negotiations on agreements under these economic pillars.

48. Which one of the following parts of human alimentary canal can be of m

Which one of the following parts of human alimentary canal can be of maximum length ?

Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
This question was previously asked in
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Among the given options, the small intestine is typically the longest part of the human alimentary canal.
– The length of the small intestine in an adult human is usually about 6 to 7.5 meters (20-25 feet) when relaxed, although it measures shorter in a living body due to muscle tone.
– The stomach is a J-shaped organ about 25-30 cm (10-12 inches) long.
– The large intestine is about 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5-6 feet) long.
– The rectum is the final section of the large intestine, about 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) long.
– The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place, and its great length provides a large surface area for these processes, enhanced by folds, villi, and microvilli.

49. Which one of the following is a feature of Membrane ?

Which one of the following is a feature of Membrane ?

Bilayer of phospholipid molecule in which proteins and cholesterol are embedded
Bilayer of proteins molecule in which lipid and cholesterol are embedded
Bilayer of neutral lipid in which proteins and cholesterol are embedded
Bilayer of neutral lipid lacking cholesterol and proteins
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A key feature of a biological membrane (like the plasma membrane) is that it is a bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which proteins and cholesterol are embedded.
– The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the cell membrane.
– It consists of a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipid molecules, with their hydrophilic heads facing outwards and inwards, and hydrophobic tails facing each other in the interior.
– Various proteins are embedded within, associated with, or spanning this lipid bilayer, performing functions like transport, signaling, and enzymatic activity.
– Cholesterol molecules are also interspersed within the phospholipid bilayer in animal cells, helping to regulate membrane fluidity.
– Option B is incorrect because the fundamental structure is a lipid bilayer, not a protein bilayer.
– Options C and D are incorrect because biological membranes are primarily composed of phospholipids (amphipathic lipids), not neutral lipids, and typically contain proteins and often cholesterol (in animal cells).

50. Fat in human body is stored in

Fat in human body is stored in

Adipose tissue
Red blood cells
Muscle tissue
Epithelial tissue
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UPSC CDS-2 – 2022
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Fat in the human body is primarily stored in adipose tissue.
– Adipose tissue is a specialized connective tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells).
– These cells store energy in the form of triglycerides (fat).
– Adipose tissue also provides insulation, protection for organs, and produces hormones.
– Red blood cells are involved in oxygen transport.
– Muscle tissue is primarily for movement.
– Epithelial tissue forms linings and coverings.
– While other tissues contain some lipids, adipose tissue is the body’s main storage site for large quantities of fat.
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